1. Nature: Urine is clear, fluid and hypertonic.
2. Color: Urochrome in urine is straw or light yellow in color. Urine is dark yellow in color due to dehydration. If the urine contains blood, pus, sperm, bacteria, etc., it is cloudy in color.
3. Odour: Urine is usually musty smelling. Its smell is very aromatic. Urine smells because of the presence of odorous substance called urinode. Urinary urea is converted to ammonia on contact with bacteria. Hence the smell of ammonia is found in the urine.
4. Chemical reaction: Urine is slightly abnormal. Its pH value is 5.0-6.5.
5. Specific gravity: The relative gravity of urine is 1.008-1.030.
6. Volume: 6-8 times and 0.5-2.5 liters of urine is released daily.
7. Components: Urine contains urea, uric acid, creatinine, hippuric acid, indican, sodium, potassium, ammonium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, phosphate, sulfate etc.