The ring or ring-like part formed from the surface of the vertebrae is called arch. The parts of the arch are:
(i) Pedicle: Thick, short and hard bone formed from the back of vertebra is called pedicle.
(ii) Transverse process: Both the extensions arising from the junction of pedicle and lamina are called transverse processes.
(iii) Lamina : The lamina is a flat, flat and plate-like bone lying between the transverse process and the spinous process.
(iv) Articular process or Zygapophysis: Each vertebra has pre-zygapophysis (superior) anteriorly and post-zygapophysis (inferior) posteriorly. The superior articular process of one vertebra articulates with the inferior articular process of another vertebra.
(v) Spinus process : The amplifier arising from lamina is called spinous process.