Category: Biology Second Paper

The pollination that occurs between two flowers of the same species or the same plant is called self pollination. The purity of the species remains intact in the self-pollination method. Like mustard, dhotura etc.

The sac-like part inside the nucellus is called embryo sac. It contains embryos, protuberance cells and secondary nuclei.

(i) Embryos : The three cells near the oviduct of the embryo are collectively called the embryos. Among them, the large cell in the middle is called ovule and the smaller cells on both sides are called companion cells.

(ii) Antipodal cells: The three cells on the ovule side of the embryo are collectively called Antipodal cells.

(iii) Secondary Nucleus: Two nuclei from the two poles come to the center of the embryo and fuse to form the secondary nucleus.

1. Ovary: The finger like part of ovary is called ovary. The ovule is attached to the amara by means of bota. In some species, the ovary and ovary are joined together to form raphe.
2. Umbilical cord: The area of ​​the ovary where the ovary is attached is called the umbilical cord.
3. Ovary: The membrane covering the ovary is called ovary. It has two levels. Epidermis and endodermis.
4. Nucellus: The main part of ovule covered by ovule is called nucellus.
5. Ovary: The root of the ovary is called the ovary.
6. Oviduct: The opening at the tip of the ovary is called Oviduct. Sperm enters through this.
7. Embryo sac: The sac-like part inside the nucellus is called embryo sac. It contains embryos, protuberance cells and secondary nuclei.

(i) Embryos : The three cells near the oviduct of the embryo are collectively called the embryos. Among them, the large cell in the middle is called ovule and the smaller cells on both sides are called companion cells.

(ii) Antipodal cells: The three cells on the ovule side of the embryo are collectively called Antipodal cells.

(iii) Secondary Nucleus: Two nuclei from the two poles come to the center of the embryo and fuse to form the secondary nucleus.

Semi-anatropous ovary is horse shaped. For example, Palik, Chhotakut etc.

Campylotropous ovum is called campylotropous ovary. For example – Kalkasunda (Cassia sophera), Mustard (Brassica nigr) etc.

The ovule which is attached perpendicularly to the pedicel and the ovule and ovule are oppositely located is called amphitropous ovule. For example – Poppy (Opium), Khudipana, China Pink (Dianthus chinensis), Sagittaria sagittifolia etc.

An ovule in which the ovule is above, the oviduct is below and the umbilicus is next to the oviduct is called Anatropous ovary. Such as beans, radish, peas, chickpeas (Cicer arietinum) etc.

The ovary in which the umbilicus, follicle and oviduct are in a straight line and the oviduct is at the top is called an orthotropous ovary. For example – betel nut, water pepper (Polygonum orientale), pepper (Piper nigram) etc.

The cell which is formed from the amra of the uterus and becomes a seed after fertilization is called an ovule. The ovary contains the ovum.

Ovaries are of 4 types based on location.

1. Orthotropous ovary: The ovary in which the umbilicus, follicle and oviduct are in a straight line and the oviduct is at the top is called an orthotropous ovary. For example – betel nut, water pepper (Polygonum orientale), pepper (Piper nigram) etc.
2. Anatropous Ovary: An ovule in which the ovule is above, the oviduct is below and the umbilicus is next to the oviduct is called Anatropous ovary. Such as beans, radish, peas, chickpeas (Cicer arietinum) etc.
3. Lateral ovule (Amphitropous): The ovule which is attached perpendicularly to the pedicel and the ovule and ovule are oppositely located is called amphitropous ovule. For example – Poppy (Opium), Khudipana, China Pink (Dianthus chinensis), Sagittaria sagittifolia etc.
4. Campylotropous Ovary: Campylotropous ovum is called campylotropous ovary. For example – Kalkasunda (Cassia sophera), Mustard (Brassica nigr) etc.
5. Semi-anatropous ovary: Semi-anatropous ovary is horse shaped. For example, Palik, Chhotakut etc.

Inside the uterus, the nucleus of the zygote divides into two nuclei. The nucleus is located at the two poles of the cell. Nuclei of both poles divide twice in succession to form eight nuclei of four each. One nucleus from each pole moves to the center of the cell and fuses to form the secondary nucleus. Among the three upper nuclei, the large nucleus in the middle is the ovum.

Fertilization of sperm and egg occurs in the follicle. After fertilization, the ovum is stimulated. Ovarian changes occur. The ovule changes into a seed. The watery part of the ovule is reduced and the soft part dries up to form a hard seed. Ovule develops into spore, ovule into spore, ovule into ovule, ovule into spore and secondary nucleus into seed.