Category: Biology Second Paper

1. Number of leaves: If the number of leaves in the plant body is more, the amount of photosynthesis is more and if the number of leaves is less, the amount of photosynthesis is less.
2. Age of leaves: More photosynthesis occurs in middle aged leaves. Photosynthesis is low in young and old leaves.
3. Leaf structure: The rate of photosynthesis depends on the nature of the leaf, the arrangement of mesophyll cells and the number of stomata.
4. Protoplasm: A leaf with more protoplasm has a higher rate of photosynthesis.
5. Chlorophyll: If the amount of chlorophyll is high in the leaves, the amount of photosynthesis is high.
6. Sugar content: If sugar is high in the leaves, the rate of photosynthesis is low.
7. Potassium: If the amount of potassium in the leaves is low, the photosynthesis will decrease.
8. Enzymes: The amount of enzymes required controls the rate of photosynthesis.

Magnesium and iron form chlorophyll. When these minerals are lacking, the production of chlorophyll decreases and the rate of photosynthesis also decreases.

A particular effector of photosynthesis is temperature. The optimum temperature for photosynthesis is 22-350C. At temperatures above 450C, photosynthesis in most plants ceases. For every 100C increase in temperature, the rate of photosynthesis increases about 2.2-2.6 times. Some bacteria and high-temperature blue-green algae can carry out photosynthesis at temperatures up to 700C.

CO2 is the main raw material for making sugar. The amount of CO2 in the atmosphere is 0.04%. 1% of this CO2 is used in photosynthesis. Chemical reactions of water and CO2 occur in chloroplasts to produce sugars. The rate of photosynthesis increases when the amount of CO2 increases up to a certain limit. However, if the amount of CO2 is high, photosynthesis stops.

Oxygen is a by-product of photosynthesis. As the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere increases, the rate of photosynthesis decreases. If its amount is more, photosynthesis stops.

Sunlight participates in the formation of chlorophyll, opens the stomata and helps in making food. The rate of photosynthesis increases when the amount of light increases up to a certain limit. However, if the amount of light is high, photosynthesis stops. Photosynthesis can be maximized by increasing the light from 100 foot candles to 3000 foot candles. If the light is continuous, photosynthesis can reach its maximum level in 10-12 hours. Violet, blue, orange and red light are mostly used in photosynthesis. The rate of photosynthesis is higher in red and blue light. However, as a single light, red light has the highest rate of photosynthesis. Scientists Hoover and Gabrielsen (1948) proved that photosynthesis occurs more in red light and less in green light.

1. Light: Sunlight participates in the formation of chlorophyll, opens the stomata and helps in making food. The rate of photosynthesis increases when the amount of light increases up to a certain limit. However, if the amount of light is high, photosynthesis stops. Photosynthesis can be maximized by increasing the light from 100 foot candles to 3000 foot candles. If the light is continuous, photosynthesis can reach its maximum level in 10-12 hours. Violet, blue, orange and red light are mostly used in photosynthesis. The rate of photosynthesis is higher in red and blue light. However, as a single light, red light has the highest rate of photosynthesis. Scientists Hoover and Gabrielsen (1948) proved that photosynthesis occurs more in red light and less in green light.
2. Oxygen: Oxygen is a by-product of photosynthesis. As the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere increases, the rate of photosynthesis decreases. If its amount is more, photosynthesis stops.
3. Water: The raw material of photosynthesis is water. It increases the rate of chemical reactions. Water breaks down to produce O2 and NADPH+H+.
4. Carbon Dioxide: CO2 is the main raw material for making sugar. The amount of CO2 in the atmosphere is 0.04%. 1% of this CO2 is used in photosynthesis. Chemical reactions of water and CO2 occur in chloroplasts to produce sugars. The rate of photosynthesis increases when the amount of CO2 increases up to a certain limit. However, if the amount of CO2 is high, photosynthesis stops.
5. Temperature: A particular effector of photosynthesis is temperature. The optimum temperature for photosynthesis is 22-350C. At temperatures above 450C, photosynthesis in most plants ceases. For every 100C increase in temperature, the rate of photosynthesis increases about 2.2-2.6 times. Some bacteria and high-temperature blue-green algae can carry out photosynthesis at temperatures up to 700C.
6. Minerals: Magnesium and iron form chlorophyll. When these minerals are lacking, the production of chlorophyll decreases and the rate of photosynthesis also decreases.
7. Vitamins: Vitamins in algae and other plants keep photosynthesis going.
8. Chemicals: The presence of hydrogen sulphide, chloroform, methane, toxic gases etc. in the air disrupts or stops the photosynthesis process.

In 1941, Reuben, Camen and Randall of the University of California in the United States used radioactive oxygen (18O2) in photosynthesis to prove that the source of O2 released in the photosynthesis process is water. They observed the photosynthesis of Chlorella algae by identifying the radioactive isotope 18O2 in water. See the released oxygen has a radioactive isotope (H218O).
6CO2+12H218O→ C6H12O6+6H2O+618O2
Again, he observed the photosynthesis of Chlorella algae by labeling the oxygen of CO2 with the radioactive isotope 18O2. They found that sugar has a radioactive isotope of oxygen (C6H1218O6). Emitted oxygen does not contain radioactive isotopes.
6C18O2 +12H2O→ C6H1218O6+6H2O+6O2
It is clear from the experiments that water is the source of O2 released in the photosynthesis process.

British biochemist Robin Hill (1937) took chloroplasts, water (H2O) and hydrogen acceptors (2A) in a container. Then put the test in the light for some time. Observe that H2 and O2 are produced. Not using H2O produced no sugars, but using CO2 produced O2.
2H2O + 2A → 2AH2 + O2

Scientist Van Niel (1935) observed the photosynthesis of sulfur bacteria. Sulfur bacteria use hydrogen sulfide (H2S) instead of H2O in photosynthesis. That is, sulfur bacteria produce sugars using CO2 and H2S. O2 is not produced as H2O is not used.