Category: Biology Second Paper

1. Abnormal swelling.
2. severe pain
3. Pain increases with limb movement.
4. Fibrous damage occurs at the site of injury.
5. The affected area turns black.
6. Bleeding occurs when the ligament tears.
7. Muscle spasms occur.
8. Difficulty walking.

Abnormal force applied to the joint causes the ligament to overstretch and sprain the bone.

Sprain is the condition that occurs when the fibers or nerves around the bone joint are damaged due to injury.

1. The site of the dislocation becomes painful and swollen.
2. Body parts are disabled.
3. Deviated bones may protrude.
4. Dislocation of the shoulder and hip cannot move the arms and legs.
5. Hand cannot work if fingers are dislocated.

There are four types of dislocation. namely-
1. Congential dislocation: Many babies are born with dislocation.
2. Pathological dislocation: Dislocation can occur due to various diseases.
3. Paralytic dislocation: Loss of muscle balance due to arthritis can lead to dislocation.
4. Traumatic dislocation: Dislocation occurs due to accident or any other reason.

Dislocation of the bones forming the joint due to injury or any other reason is called luxation of the joint. Bone dislocations occur due to road accidents, falls, sports, injuries etc. Ankylosing spondylitis is diagnosed by X-ray.

1. The patient may lose consciousness, stop moving or breathing.
2. Painful swelling or bleeding may occur.
3. Hands, feet or joints may be deformed.
4. Physical growth of the child may be stunted.
5. Flesh and skin may tear and bones may come out.
6. The affected area may become numb or bluish in color.
7. Brain, lungs, liver, heart etc. can get injured.

1. Movement of the affected limb is very painful.
2. The patient cannot move the affected limb at all.
3. A gentle pressure on the affected area causes severe pain.
4. A change in the shape of the organ where the pain is most severe.
5. Swelling occurs at the affected area.

1. The patient’s breathing should be eased.
2. Elevate the injured limb to reduce bleeding.
3. The patient’s pulse should be checked.
4. The patient’s blood pressure should be determined.
5. The patient should take Aspirin or Diclofenac tablets on a full stomach to reduce pain.
6. The patient should be taken to the hospital immediately.

If the bone breaks into several pieces, it is called a complex fracture. Osteoporosis can cause this. In this case, the broken part should be bandaged. Then the operation was done. The two major bone fractures are:
1. Fractured: The number of broken fragments is less and the fragments are slightly larger.
1. Multifragmentary: The number of broken fragments is large and the fragments are small.