Category: Biology Second Paper

The cells that store urea as urate are called urate cells. Urate cells mainly store protein, carbohydrates and fats as modified substances. In addition, it stores some uric acid in the hemolymph as urate. Dr. Siddiq Publications

Malpighian tubule absorbs water, potassium urate and CO2 from the blood. Inside the tubules, water, CO2 and potassium urate react together to produce potassium bicarbonate and uric acid. In these, potassium bicarbonate and water are reabsorbed and returned to the blood. Uric acid, on the other hand, passes into the rectum. Excess water from uric acid is absorbed in the colon and pure uric acid is excreted out of the body with stool.

Excretion is the process by which nitrogenous waste products produced by metabolism are removed from the body. The excretory process of grasshoppers is discussed below.
1. Malpighian tubule: Malpighian tubule absorbs water, potassium urate and CO2 from the blood. Inside the tubules, water, CO2 and potassium urate react together to produce potassium bicarbonate and uric acid. In these, potassium bicarbonate and water are reabsorbed and returned to the blood. Uric acid, on the other hand, passes into the rectum. Excess water from uric acid is absorbed in the colon and pure uric acid is excreted out of the body with stool.
2. Urate cells: The cells that store urea as urate are called urate cells. Urate cells mainly store protein, carbohydrates and fats as modified substances. In addition, it stores some uric acid in the hemolymph as urate. Dr. Siddiq Publications
3. Uricose Gland: The mushroom gland of male grass gharang contains uricos gland. They absorb excretory products from hemoceles and store them as uric acid. Uric acid is then excreted with the spermatozoa.
4. Cuticle: The nymph stage consists of amoebocyte cells floating in the hemocele. All these cells collect secretions from the blood and store them under the cuticle. During molting, the old cuticle along with the stored secretions are released.

The system through which the nitrogenous waste products produced in metabolism are removed from the body is called the excretory system. The excretory organs of the grasshopper are Malpighian ducts, urate cells, uricose glands, nephrocytes, etc.
Main excretory organ Malpighian tube: Malpighian tube is the main excretory organ of grasshopper. Italian scientist Marcello Malpighi discovered this tube. It is named after him. It is a yellow tube. At the junction of the mesenteron and the proctodeum there are 6-8 bundles of ducts. Each cluster contains 12-15 Malpighian ducts. That is, its number is 60-150. Each tube is 25 mm in length and 0.10-1.00 mm in diameter. These tubules are of the nephridial type (connected at one end and free at the other end). It is hollow, cylindrical and unbranched. The hollow space inside the tube is called the lumen. The lumen is lined by epithelial cells. Epithelial cells have a basement membrane on the outside and cilia or microvilli on the inside. The cilia together form the brush border. Brush borders remove urea and urate from the blood. The outer wall of the duct has a foundation screen.
Malpighian duct function
1. Hemolymph collects nitrogenous wastes.
2. Passes waste material to the intestines.
3. Plays a role in osmoregulation.

Blood flows to different parts of the body as a result of the contraction and expansion of the heart and alary muscles of the grasshopper. Each chamber of the heart continuously contracts and expands like a wave to maintain normal blood flow. Blood circulation process is discussed.
Blood enters the pericardial sinuses from the perivisceral sinuses as a result of the contraction of the alary muscles. At this time, the chambers of the heart expand. As a result, blood from the pericardial sinus enters the cardiac cavity through the ostia. After filling with blood, the heart chambers contract. At this point the blood moves forward through the external ostia and enters the dorsal aorta. Blood enters the cerebral sinuses from the dorsal aorta. Blood then flows backward and enters the perivisceral sinuses and perineural sinuses. Blood circulates to different parts of the body through these two sinuses. At this time the blood enters the leg cavity from the perineural sinus and the wing from the pericardial sinus. Finally, the action of the alary muscles allows blood to flow from the perivisceral sinuses into the pericardial sinuses and repeat the cycle. Their heartbeat is 100-110 times per minute and it takes 30-60 minutes to circulate blood once in the body.

The triangular muscle that is attached to the heart is called Alary muscle. These muscles arise from the digital floor of the targum. Its broad end is attached to the heart. Alary muscles (6 pairs in total) contract and expand the heart.

The heart of the grasshopper is located in the pericardial sinus. It is composed of several funnel-shaped chambers. The first 3 chambers are located in the thorax and the last 10 chambers are located in the abdomen. In the region between the two chambers, the cardiac wall folds from both sides and enters the cardiac cavity. Each fold has a hole. It is called Ostia. Each chamber is connected to the pericardial sinus by ostia. A pore between two adjacent cells is called an intercellular pore.

The first chamber of the heart narrows to form a cylindrical part. This is called the dorsal aorta. It extends from the forehead to the head. It does not contain ostia.

The dorsal canal consists of three parts. These are-
(i) Dorsal aorta: The first chamber of the heart narrows to form a cylindrical part. This is called the dorsal aorta. It extends from the forehead to the head. It does not contain ostia.
(ii) Heart or heart: The heart of the grasshopper is located in the pericardial sinus. It is composed of several funnel-shaped chambers. The first 3 chambers are located in the thorax and the last 10 chambers are located in the abdomen. In the region between the two chambers, the cardiac wall folds from both sides and enters the cardiac cavity. Each fold has a hole. It is called Ostia. Each chamber is connected to the pericardial sinus by ostia. A pore between two adjacent cells is called an intercellular pore.
(iii) Alary muscle: The triangular muscle that is attached to the heart is called Alary muscle. These muscles arise from the digital floor of the targum. Its broad end is attached to the heart. Alary muscles (6 pairs in total) contract and expand the heart.

The word haemocoel is formed from the Greek words haema meaning blood and coel meaning cavity. A body cavity filled with hemolymph is called a hemocele. Their hemocele is called myxocele. It is divided into three chambers or sinuses by the dorsal membrane and digital membrane. These are-
(i) Pericardial sinus: It is located above the dorsal membrane. It contains the heart.
(ii) Perivisceral sinus: It is located below the dorsal membrane. The alimentary canal is located in it. Dr. Siddiq Publications
(iii) Perineural sinuses: It is located under the digital membrane. It contains nerve fibers.