Category: Biology Second Paper

The process in which food is digested outside the cells inside the stomach, alimentary canal and celandine is called extracellular digestion. As soon as the food material reaches the cilentron, the mouth pore closes. The prey or food is killed by the action of the enzyme. The contraction and expansion of the body wall breaks the prey into smaller particles. Food is digested under the influence of enzymes secreted from glandular cells. Proteins are broken down into polypeptides. Lipid food is not digested here. Dr. Siddiq Publications

The biochemical process in which various types of enzymes break down complex food into simple and absorbable food is called digestion. Hydra can digest food such as proteins, fats and simple carbohydrates. They cannot digest starch or complex carbohydrates. Undigested food comes out through the mouth. Hydra digestion takes place in two stages. Extracellular digestion and intracellular digestion.
1. Extracellular digestion: The process in which food is digested outside the cells inside the stomach, alimentary canal and celandine is called extracellular digestion. As soon as the food material reaches the cilentron, the mouth pore closes. The prey or food is killed by the action of the enzyme. The contraction and expansion of the body wall breaks the prey into smaller particles. Food is digested under the influence of enzymes secreted from glandular cells. Proteins are broken down into polypeptides. Lipid food is not digested here. Dr. Siddiq Publications
2. Intracellular digestion: The process in which food is digested inside the cytoplasm of the cell is called intracellular digestion.
Partially digested food particles in the cilantro are converted into smaller particles by the contraction-expansion of the body. Some of the food particles turn into liquid with the help of the passage. The food particles then enter the food cavity in the cytoplasm. Enzymes secreted from the cytoplasm digest food. Food is digested first in an acidic and then in an alkaline phase. Proteins are broken down into amino acids and lipids are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol. Dr. Siddiq Publications

Nutrition: The biochemical process in which complex food is converted into simple and soluble food and the undigested part is excreted is called nutrition. Nutrients absorbed by the body replenish, grow and produce energy.

Foraging techniques
Hungry hydra grips the base with the soles and floats the body and gills to catch prey. The nematocysts of the attractor are activated when prey approaches. Different types of nematocysts are ejected as the prey touches the attractor.
Volute nematocyst inhibits prey movement. Glutinants trap prey by secreting sticky juices. The stenotil nematocyst injects a poison called hypnotoxin into the victim’s body and paralyzes the victim. Then the food is brought to the mouth. The stomata are swollen and wide and food enters the mouth. Mucus secreted from glandular cells makes food moist and slippery. As a result of contraction and expansion of the hypostome and body wall, food enters the cilantro.

The body cavity of animals of the order Nidaria is called a coelenteron. The body cavity of the Hydra is the Cilantron. Archenteron transforms into Cilenteron. It is covered by gastrodermis. It involves extracellular digestion. Food and excreta are transported through it. Hence it is called Gastrovascular cavity. Cilantron is sometimes called blind gut or blind sac. It is exposed through the stoma. Takes food and leaves waste through mouth. Dr. Siddiq Publications
Why Coelenteron is called digestive circulation
Both alimentary canal and body cavity functions of Nidaria are carried out by cilantrones. Cilenterone performs physiological functions such as digestion, transport of nutrients, respiration, excretion, excretion of waste products, etc. Food material is taken up in the cilantro and extracellular and intracellular digestion is carried out. Undigested food and waste products are excreted through the stomata. So Cilenteron is called Gastrovascular cavity or Gastrovascular cavity. Dr. Siddiq Publications
Importance of Coelenteron
1. Cilantron contains food.
2. It causes extracellular digestion.
3. Food and excreta are transported through it.
4. It excretes waste through the stoma.

1. Cilantron contains food.
2. It causes extracellular digestion.
3. Food and excreta are transported through it.
4. It excretes waste through the stoma.

Both alimentary canal and body cavity functions of Nidaria are carried out by cilantrones. Cilenterone performs physiological functions such as digestion, transport of nutrients, respiration, excretion, excretion of waste products, etc. Food material is taken up in the cilantro and extracellular and intracellular digestion is carried out. Undigested food and waste products are excreted through the stomata. So Cilenteron is called Gastrovascular cavity or Gastrovascular cavity. Dr. Siddiq Publications

The body cavity of animals of the order Nidaria is called a coelenteron. The body cavity of the Hydra is the Cilantron. Archenteron transforms into Cilenteron. It is covered by gastrodermis. It involves extracellular digestion. Food and excreta are transported through it. Hence it is called Gastrovascular cavity. Cilantron is sometimes called blind gut or blind sac. It is exposed through the stoma. Takes food and leaves waste through mouth. Dr. Siddiq Publications

Nematocyst initiation is a chemical and mechanical process. When a prey comes close to the hydra’s attractor, the trigger is thrown. Chemicals in the prey’s body increase the water permeability of the hydra’s nematocyst wall. The osmotic pressure or hydrostatic pressure of the capsule increases. Water quickly enters the bag. A chemical called poly-ℽ-glutamate is secreted inside the sac. The operculum opens as soon as the prey touches the nidocile. Sutraka is thrown out with lightning speed. This entire event takes place in just 3 milliseconds.
Once the nematocyst is released, it cannot be returned to the nematocyst. That is, once thrown, it cannot be used again. No more nematocysts are formed in the same nidocyte. Such nidocytes slowly enter the gastrointestinal tract and are mixed with food and digested. Within 48 hours new nidocytes are generated and used.

Volvent is a relatively small nematocyst. They do not have butts, barbs and barbules. Its stem is thick, short, elastic, spineless and closed at the apex. There is only one patch of Sutra inside its capsule. The sutraka remains patchy even when thrown. As soon as it is thrown, it creates many screws like a cork-screw.
Volvent’s work
(i) It grasps the prey.
(ii) It helps in locomotion.

Steriolin glutinant is the smallest nematocyst. Their butt is not well formed. Barbs and barbules are absent. Its stems are short, thornless and open at the apex. Dr. Siddiq Publications
Action of stearoline glutenin
(i) It helps in locomotion.
(ii) binds the hydra to an object.
(iii) secretes sticky substances.
(iv) Capture the victim.