Category: Biology Second Paper

The empty space in the cytoplasm of the cell is called vacuole. The membrane of the cell cavity is called tonoplast. Tonoplast is a rubbery material. In plant cells, several small cavities combine to form larger cavities. It has no specific shape or size. It is filled with tissue. Cells contain water, inorganic salts, organic acids, meat, sugars, fats, various types of dyes, etc.

1. Glyoxysomes mainly regulate the metabolism of fats or lipids or fatty acids.
2. Seedling growth continues during seed germination.
3. It oxidizes ionic substances through the glyoxalate cycle.
4. It participates in the metabolic metabolism of amino acids.

Glyoxysomes are spherical or oval or polygonal. It is a unicellular organelle. Its diameter is 0.5-1.5 µm. Their matrix is ​​granular and the core part is visible in the center. It contains various enzymes of β-oxidation and glyoxalate cycle. It contains isocitrate ligase, malate synthetase, glycolate oxidase and catalase enzymes.

Glyoxysomes are found in fungi, yeast, Neurospora and oilseed cells. It is present in the lipid storage cells of the seed.

The organelles that carry out the beta-oxidation process are called glyoxysomes. It was discovered and named by scientist R. W. Briedenback in 1967.

1. It breaks down fatty acids into acetyl Co by beta-oxidation process.
2. Enzymes present in it react H2 and O2 to produce toxic H2O2.
3. Catalase enzyme breaks down toxic H2O2 to produce water and oxygen.
4. Catalase enzyme uses H2O2 to oxidize alcohol, phenol, formic acid, formaldehyde etc.
5. It destroys blood toxins in human liver and kidney by causing peroxidation reaction.
6. Plant cells contain a large number of antioxidative enzymes (superoxide dismutase, NADP dehydrogenase) that catalyze important reactions.
7. It regulates the concentration of oxygen in the cells.
8. It helps in the production of NAD, DNA and RNA.
9. It turns love into water.
10. It helps in making glycine and serine in plant cells.
11. It helps carry out photosynthesis in green plants.

Microbodies are microscopic spherical or ovoid organelles containing single membraned enzymes located in the cytoplasm of cells. In 1954, scientist Rodin observed microbodies in renal tubular cells of rats. The microbodies are peroxisomes, gorioxisomes and spherosomes.

Gives shape to cells. Provides cell strength. Helps keep other cell fibers in place.

Intermediate filaments are intermediate filaments between microtubules and microfilaments in cells. Their diameter is 10 nanometers. It is made of protein. Cells have four types of intermediate filaments. Keratin, vimentin, lamin and neurofilaments.