Category: Biology Second Paper

In 1953, scientist Perner discovered lysosomes from the endosperm of seeds. In 1955, Belgian cytologist Christian de Duve observed it in animal cells and named it lysosome. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine in 1974 for this discovery. In 1960, scientist Nevi Coft described the microscopic structure of lysosomes. In 1964, scientist Christina L Martin observed lysosomes in the fungus Neurospora. In 2016, Japanese scientist William Osumi discovered the autophagy technique of cells.

The word Lysosome is formed from the Greek words Lyso meaning digestive and soma meaning substance. Lysosme means digester. The microscopic organelles located in the cytoplasm of cells that contain digestive enzymes and digest food are called lysosomes. This is called cell stomach.

1. Traffic Police: Golgibodies bind proteins and lipids produced in cells. It is then converted into lipoproteins. Releases lipoproteins out of cells. Hence Goljibodi is called traffic police.
2. Carbohydrate Factories: Synthesize and secrete complex polysaccharides in Golgibody cells. This is why the Golgibody is called a carbohydrate factory.
3. Cell wall formation: Golgibodies form hemicellulose microfibrils. These elements form the plant cell wall. Cell wall is a unique feature of plant cells.
4. Formation of Cell Membranes: Golgibodies help in the formation of cell membranes. Cell membrane controls the movement of various substances.
5. Formation of cell plates: It forms cell plates during cell division. Cell plates join together to form the cell wall.
6. Glycosylation: Linking proteins to sugars to produce glycols. The process by which glycols are produced is called glycosylation.
7. Acrosome Formation: Golgibodies form the acrosome of sperm. Acrosome provides energy to the sperm.
8. Lysosome formation: Golgibodies help in the formation of lysosomes. Lysosomes cause autolysis.
9. Storage function: It stores food items. It stores protein and vitamin-C.
10. Chemical secretion: Cell metabolites are secreted. Helps in secretion of water, enzymes, proteins and hormones.
11. Melanin production: Melanin is produced from the Golgi body of mammary cancer and tumor cells.
12. Enzyme production: Golgibodies produce enzymes to generate ATP. ATP provides energy for cells.
13. Production of chemical substances: Galactose, silicic acid, pectin, polysaccharides etc. are produced from sugars.
14. Detoxification: It destroys many toxins or toxins in the cells. As a result, the body gets rid of toxins.
15. Side chain formation: Golgibodies attach side chains to oligosaccharides of glycoproteins in plant cells.
16. Excretion of water: Golgibody excretes water from cells.

Different types of proteins and lipids are produced in cells. Golgibodies bind these proteins and lipids to the membrane. It is then converted into lipoproteins. Lipoproteins are taken up by cisternae. Enters the medial cisterna from the cis-cisterna. From the medial cisterna comes the trans cisterna. Transports from the trans cisterna to the plasma membrane or cell membrane. Finally, lipoproteins are released. Hence Goljibodi is called traffic police.

Composed of lipoproteins that coat the corpuscles. It contains 60% protein and 40% lipid. That is, the ratio of lipid and protein is 4:6 or 2:3. It contains various enzymes, carotenoids, fatty acids, vitamin-C and vitamin-K. Golgibody enzymes are glycosyl transferase, glucose-6 phosphatase, acid phosphatase, hydrolase, transferase, NADH cytochrome reductase, thiamine pyrophosphatase, ATP-ase, ADP-ase, TTP-ase, CTP-ase etc.

There are three types of structure of Golgibody. These are-

1. Cisternae : All the gills which are narrow, long, cylindrical and parallel are called Cisternae. Its diameter is 0.5-1.0 micron. Its lumen or cavity is 500-1000 nanometers wide. 3-8 cisternae are clustered together. Each cluster is called a dictyosomes. The part of the dictyosomes facing the plasma membrane is called the trans-phase and the part facing the center of the cell is called the cis-face. All organizations are held together by intercisternal material. The number of cisternae is 3-7 in animal cells and 10-20 in plant cells. There are three types of cisterns. These are-

(i) Trans-cisterna : The last part of the trans-face is called transcisterna.

(ii) Cess-Cisterna : The terminal part of the sess-face is called the sess-cisterna.

(iii) Medial Cisterna : The middle part is called medial cisterna.

2. Vacuole: Those cells that look like spherical sacs are called vacuoles. It is the transformed part of the cistern. It is filled with granular material.
3. Vasicle : A small sac-like golibody is called a vesicle. It is located in clusters. Trans-faces and vesicles join together to form the trans-golgi network (TGN). Again, cis-faces and vesicles join to form the cis-golgi network (CGN).

Golgibodies probably originate from the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. According to the scientist Navikoff (1962), the Golgi body originates from the endoplasmic reticulum. According to scientist Buch (1965), the Golgi body originates from the nuclear membrane. According to the scientist Danieli (1966), Golgibody originated from cell membrane.

Hundreds of Golgibodies are distributed individually in plant cells. Golgibodies are one or more in algal cells. Its number is several hundreds in the root cells of Bhutra.

In animal cells, Golgibodies are clustered near the nuclear membrane. Hundreds of Golgibodies are scattered in plant cells. A species of Paramoeba has 2 golibodies. Liver cells contain 50 and secretory cells have more. Spores of bacteria, fungi, fungi, mosses, ferns, and red blood cells of mammals do not contain glycoproteins.

Spherical, cylindrical and sac-like objects in the cytoplasm of cells are called Golgibodies. Golgi is a small cell unit called Golgisome. Golgi bodies are called Golgi apparatus, Golgi field, Golgi complex, Golgi apparatus, dictyosomes, idiosomes, lipochondria, carbohydrate factories etc. It is also known as cell traffic police and packaging center. It can be stained with osmium tetroxide. In 1898, the Italian physician Camillo Golgi discovered it from owl and cat nerve cells. For this he was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1906. In 1954, Dalton and Felix reported the electron microscopic structure of Golgibodies. The porous structure of the corpus callosum is called fenestration.