Category: Biology Second Paper

The metabolic and metabolic functions of cells are called metabolism. Metabolic functions of cytoplasm are discussed.

1. Photosynthesis: Green plants produce sugary food in the process of photosynthesis. Carbohydrates are the main source of chemical energy for organisms. Carbohydrates are major components of global food security.
2. Conclusion: Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell. Glycolysis is called cytoplasmic secretion. ATP is produced by the oxidation of food substances in the digestion process. ATP provides all the energy in the body.
3. Protein Synthesis: Protein synthesis takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell by the process of translation. Protein plays an important role in the structure and growth of the organism.
4. Reproduction: One of the biological virtues of cytoplasm is the ability to reproduce. It is one of the continuous process of life cycle.
5. Nitrogen Metabolism: Nitrogen is produced from organic matter in the process of nitrification. Again, in the process of denitrification, nitrogen is broken down to produce organic chemicals. The two processes together are called nitrogen metabolism.
6. Metabolism: Different types of proteins, lipids and sugars are metabolized in the cytoplasm.
7. Mineral Salt Metabolism: Cytoplasm metabolizes various types of mineral salts.
8. Source of energy: Carbohydrates present in the cytoplasm are the main source of chemical energy. Lipids provide high levels of energy to the body.
9. Pulse of life: Cytoplasm contains 65-95% water. Another name for water is life. Water is used in all body functions. In its absence, the cell loses its functionality, and the cell may even die.
10. Nucleic acid synthesis: Nucleic acid synthesis in primitive cells takes place in the cytoplasm.

1. Cytoplasm is the main component of cells. It contains all the organelles and the nucleus.
2. It does the biological work of the body.
3. It makes the body grow and develop.
4. It responds to excitement. Demonstrates characteristics of organisms through responses.
5. Aids cell movement through cyclolysis.
6. It contains enzymes.
7. It acts as a source of energy.
8. Maintains the ionic balance of the body.
9. It regulates the acidity and alkalinity of cells.
10. Maintains pressure and fluid density.
11. It controls the heartbeat of the body.
12. It plays an important role in the reproduction of organisms.
13. It causes chemical reactions in cells.
14. It helps in the elimination of waste products produced in the process of excretion.
15. Cytoplasmic matrix increases and causes cell growth.
16. It helps in water absorption.
17. Maintains a suitable environment for biochemical reactions in cells.

1. Protein: Protein content in cytoplasm is 7-10%. It contains three types of proteins.

(i) Simple proteins: Among the simple proteins, albumin, globulin, histone, prolamin and protamine are prominent.

(ii) Complex proteins: The main major complex proteins are glycoproteins, nucleoproteins, lipoproteins, chromoproteins, phosphoproteins etc.

(iii) Produced proteins: Produced proteins are mainly proteose, peptone, lipase, protean, peptide etc.

2. Lipids: Lipid content in cytoplasm is 1-3%. The major lipids in the cytoplasm are glycerides, glycolipids, phospholipids, lipoproteins, cholesterol, etc.
3. Carbohydrate: Carbohydrate content in cytoplasm is 1-1.5%. It contains three types of carbohydrates.

(i) Monosaccharides: The main monosaccharides in the cytoplasm are glucose, fructose, galactose etc.

(ii) Disaccharides: Disaccharides are sucrose, maltose, lactose etc.

(iii) Polysaccharides: Polysaccharides are mainly starch and glycogen.

4. Enzymes: Cytoplasm contains enzymes and co-enzymes.
5. Nucleic Acid: Cytoplasm contains DNA and RNA as nucleic acids.

Cytoplasm contains 65-96% water. Plant cells contain 75% water, 20% carbohydrates, 2% protein, 2% mineral salts and 1% fat. Animal cells contain 67% water, 15% protein, 13% fat, 4% mineral salts and 1% sugar. Contains calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium etc.

1. Cytoplasm is alive, slightly transparent, colorless, colloidal, viscous and elastic.
2. Various organs and substances are spread evenly in it.
3. It has flow resisting power as it is sticky adhesive.

The word Cytoplasm is formed from the Greek words cyto meaning cell and plasma meaning formed. The protoplasmic part of the cell surrounded by the cell membrane located outside the nucleus is called cytoplasm. Organelles and non-living matter in the cytoplasm are collectively called trophoplasm. It is now called the cytosol. The outer denser and less granular region of the cytosol is called ectoplasm and the inner less dense region is called endoplasm. The translucent, granular, homogeneous and colloidal fluid of the cytoplasm is called cytomatics or hyaloplasm. If the cytoplasm is like a thin membrane around the cell, it is called tonoplasm. Organelles that contain cytoplasm are called cytoplasmic organelles. American biochemist H. A. Lardy coined the term cytosol in 1965.

1. Shape giving: Cell membrane gives specific shape to each cell. Animal cells only have a plasma membrane, but plant cells have a cell wall outside the plasma membrane. Because of this, the cell membrane plays a key role in giving the specific shape of the animal cell.
2. Protection of living parts: The plasma membrane always covers the living protoplasm of the cell and protects it from external heat, pressure and injury.
3. Food intake: It takes in solid food by the process of phagocytosis and liquid food by the process of pinocytosis.
4. Organelle formation: It helps in the formation of some essential organelles of the cell like mitochondria, chloroplasts, Golgibodies, nuclear membrane etc.
5. As a chemical fast: cell membrane contains numerous consumer molecules. These consumer molecules maintain contact with the external environment. The plasma membrane collects information from the external environment chemically with the help of antigens, neurotransmitters, hormones etc.
6. Chemical secretion: It secretes enzymes and antigens for cells.
7. Physiological functions: Plasma membrane participates in respiration and other physiological functions in living organisms.
8. Conduction of impulses: It transports nerve impulses from outside to inside and from one cell to another.
9. Transport: Amino acids, glucose, ions etc. enter the cell through the plasma membrane. On the other hand, the carbon dioxide, ammonia, uric acid etc. created in the cells go out.
10. Absorption barrier: It acts as a barrier between the extracellular and intracellular medium.
11. Molecular motility: It regulates the molecular motility of the cell.
12. Energy production: Bacterial cell membrane folds to form mesosomes. Mesosomes undergo maturation and produce energy.
13. Growth and Movement: It helps in cell bonding, growth and movement.
14. As Antigen: In some cases cell membrane acts as antigen.
15. Enzyme content: There are 30 types of enzymes in the cell membrane. The most important enzymes are transport ATPases enzymes. This enzyme transports a variety of ions.
16. Basis: Cell membrane acts as a base for various information.
17. Receptors: act as receptors for hormones, neurotransmitters, mediated endocytosis, insulin etc.
18. Synthesis: Cell membrane synthesizes different types of large molecules.

1. Microvilli: Projections on the walls of the absorptive ducts in animals are called microvilli. Each cell in the intestine and nephron contains about 3000 microvilli. It increases the absorption surface.
2. Pinocytic vesicle: The cavity containing liquid food particles created from the cell membrane is called pinocytic vesicle. The process by which pinocytic vesicles are formed is called pinocytosis.
3. Phagocytic vesicle: The cavity containing solid food particles formed from cell membrane is called phagocytic vesicle. The process by which phagocytic vesicles are formed is called phagocytosis. White blood cells contain phagocytic vesicles.
4. Desmosome: When the cell membrane of two closely adjacent cells transforms and forms a leaf-like structure, it is called a desmosome. Desmosomes are accompanied by tonofibril fibers. It keeps the two cells firmly attached.
5. Tight junction: The cell membrane of two closely adjacent cells forming a tight junction is called a tight junction. No matter can move through this zone. Neurons in the brain have tight junctions.
6. Pseudopodia: The extension formed outside the cell membrane during phagocytosis is called pseudopodia. It participates in food intake and locomotion.
7. Invagination: Cell membrane folds to form numerous tubular structures. This is called intussusception.

1. Cell membrane contains 60-80% protein.
2. Cell membrane contains 20-40% lipids. Lecithin is the major phospholipid.
3. In some cases polysaccharides are 4-5%.
4. About 75% of the dry weight of the cell membrane is lipid.
5. Some contain RNA (onion cells).
6. Contains a small amount of water and salt.

In 1972, scientists Singer and Nicholson proposed the widely accepted fluid-mosaic model of cell membrane structure. It is also called iceberg or iceberg model.
Cell membranes contain five types of phospholipids. Lecithin, cephalin, glycolipid, glycophosphotide and phosphotidic acid. Phospholipids are arranged in two layers. Each lipid molecule has two parts. head and tail Lipid molecules are always moving, shaking and bouncing around each other. This type of movement is called flip flop movement. Flip flop movement causes the cell membrane to behave like a liquid when the layers change.
There are three types of proteins in the cell membrane. Peripheral proteins, intrinsic proteins and intermembrane proteins. At the edges of the lipid layer are the peripheral proteins, the intrinsic proteins are embedded inside, and the intermembrane proteins span from one end to the other. Proteins take energy from ATP to change their conformation.
Protein molecules are scattered between phospholipids in the cell membrane. Because of this, the protein molecules look like a mosaic when viewed from the surface of the cell membrane. To explain this situation in one word, the cell membrane model is called fluid mosaic model. Hence, the fluid mosaic model nomenclature has been meaningful and accurate.