Category: Biology Second Paper

1. Decomposable organic compounds, heavy metals, cyanide, sulphur, lead, mercury, copper, zinc, chromium, cadmium, phenol, arsenic, nickel, ammonia, chlorine compounds, phosphates, nitrates etc. are emitted from industrial plants. All these decaying substances cause bad smell. Contaminates soil, water and air. Sometimes it causes acid rain. These substances are converted into pollution free substances with the help of microorganisms through biotechnology.
2. Insoluble chemicals such as H2S, SO2, NO2, DDT, carbon tetrachloride etc. are emitted from industrial plants. All these non-degradable substances are neutralized by biological technology.
3. Chlorine is used to bleach raw materials in the paper industry. Paper and pulp industries emit lignin, cellulose and chlorine. Decomposition of lignin and chlorine with the help of enzymes.
4. A yeast called Torula grows in wastes from paper and paper pulp. Such waste contains a large amount of protein. Amino acids are made from these wastes.
5. Single cell proteins are extracted from yeast and some bacteria. This protein keeps the environment free of pollutants.
6. A large amount of cellulose waste is released from jute industry, textile industry, cotton industry and silk industry. Cellulose is converted into simpler substances by Cellulomonas and Alcaligenes bacteria. Organic acids, proteins, amino acids, vitamins, ethanol, acetone, glycerin, gutanol etc. are produced from such waste.
7. Lactic acid is produced from milk factory waste. As a result, the environment is free from pollution.
8. Chlorinated waste water can be dechlorinated using species such as Tremetes versicolor, Pholiota mutabilis, Phlebia subserialis etc.
9. In Germany, Ferriflock is produced from waste from aluminum factories. Contaminated water is treated by Ferriflock.

1. Food and Bioenergy Production.
2. Production of ethanol, lactic acid, acetone, glycerin, citric acid, gluconic acid etc.
3. Used in detergent, leather, textile and dairy industries.
4. Biogas production.
5. Enzyme and hormone production.
6. Insulin and interferon production.

1. Micropropagation and mycorrhiza should be used for soil regeneration.
2. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria should be used with leguminous crops and other plants to restore soil fertility.
3. Plants that grow on degraded land must be created. Stress tolerant plants can grow on degraded land.
4. Microorganisms like Ganoderma lucidum, Thiobacillus ferroxidan etc. should be used to remove toxic substances from the soil.

1. Advanced enzymes are produced.
2. Creating synthetic peptides superior to natural proteins.
3. Insulin and interferon production.

1. Viruses are identified in plants and animals.
2. Diagnosis and treatment of various genetic diseases through DNA probes.
3. Production of specific antibodies to destroy various tumor cells.
4. Germ weapons are made using various microbes.

1. In the 1970s, the first tissue culture of jute was done in the Department of Botany, Dhaka University. Then various universities and research institutes started tissue culture.
2. Dhaka University scientists have developed varieties of salt tolerant rice, cold tolerant jute and insect resistant pulses using molecular markers.
3. ICDDR, B produced the Sigella vaccine through biotechnology.
4. Bangladesh Animal Research Institute has developed some vaccines against plague and spring disease in goats and cattle and poultry.
5. The Ministry of Fisheries and Animal Resources has produced vaccines for bovine foot and mouth disease and anthrax, fowl cholera and Salmonella Newcastle disease.
6. Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute has developed molecular production of endangered species of fish, carp, catfish, tilapia, magur, punti and GIFT fish varieties.
7. Bangladesh Agricultural University, National Institute of Biotechnology and Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute are conducting research on finger print and microsatellite genotyping methods. It verifies the pedigree of indigenous breeds of goats, sheep, cows and buffaloes.
8. Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission has developed strategies to increase silk production and control fruit flies and Aedes mosquitoes using low levels of gamma radiation. Improved IPM systems using hormones and pheromone traps.
9. The Department of Biotechnology of Dhaka University has developed a strategy to control the moth national pest.
10. Bangladesh National Council of Science and Industrial Research has developed techniques for disease identification of various crops, fruits, forest medicinal plants using modern molecular technology.
11. In 2010 Dr. Bangladeshi scientists led by Maksudul Alam discovered the genomic sequence of jute. As a result, it will be possible to develop fine fiber jute, strong fiber jute like cotton, winter jute, medicinal jute, easily degradable jute, insect repellent jute etc.
12. In 2018, Bangladeshi scientists living in America discovered the genomic sequence of Hilsa fish.

1. Genome Scanning: Genome scanning will allow the complete genome of any organism to be known very quickly in a short time. 97% of inactive genes present in the chromosome can be detected.
2. Stem cells: Stem cells will be able to produce cells in any organ of the body. Therefore, the newly discovered drug will not need to be tested in other animals. Besides, it will be easy to replace organs lost in various accidents.
3. Gene therapy and RNAi: Gene therapy replaces disease-causing genes with healthy genes. Gene therapy is used to treat hereditary diseases, cancer and some infectious diseases. Viruses, RNAi, antisense or zinc finger proteins are used as carriers of these genes.
4. Micro RNA: Micro RNA can inhibit the function of disease-causing genes. Micro RNA is used to diagnose and treat cancer, viral infections, metabolic disorders and inflammatory diseases.
5. Gene Cloning: Beneficial and beneficial things are created for humans by gene cloning or recombinant DNA.
6. GM Microorganisms: Environmental pollution is reduced by using GM microorganisms. All these microorganisms are environment friendly.
7. Nanotechnology: Nanotechnology is used to create material needed by humans by changing the molecular structure of matter. This technology is hygienic and safe.
8. Economic savings of farmers: Biotechnology greatly helps the farmers in tillage, sowing of seeds, planting of seedlings, use of pesticides, harvesting and storage of crops.

(i) Drugs can be introduced into target cells by means of viruses.
(ii) The desired gene is introduced into the patient.
(iii) Widely applicable in genetic engineering.

Gene therapy is the method to correct the defective gene responsible for producing a particular disease. The cloned gene is cut by restriction enzymes and the correct gene is inserted. Gene therapy can be done in two ways.
1. Cells with the correct genes are created in the laboratory. It is then injected into the patient’s body.
2. Viruses are mutated into viruses. It is then introduced into human target cells. The correct gene is inserted into the target cell. As a result, the disease is free.

1. The EPO gene is isolated from the human body.
2. Recombinant DNA is created by inserting the EPO gene into a plasmid.
3. Recombinant DNA is introduced into host cells.
4. Hosts with recombinant DNA are cultured.
5. Medicines are made by isolating EPO from the host. Pushing EPO by injection to a kidney patient reverses the anemia.