The process by which sperm cells develop into embryos without fertilization is called androgenesis. Such as tobacco- Nicotiana tabacum.

1. Parthenogenesis is a permanent reproductive process. In this process the number of organisms can be increased at any time.
2. In this process the polyploid state is created in the organism.
3. Plants can be protected from sterility and extinction through artificial parthenogenesis.
4. Parthenogenesis protects the species from sterility.
5. Sex is determined by the process of parthenogenesis in many organisms. E.g. – Bolata, bee.
6. Chromosome theory of inheritance can be explained by parthenogenesis.
7. It makes the members of the organism unvaried.
8. In this process, some insects can reproduce rapidly. such as aphids.
9. This encourages the organism to develop advantageous mutant traits.
10. It does not create any new variation.
11. It is useful in research.
12. Applied in plant breeding.

Biological studies have shown that the application of certain chemicals can induce parthenogenesis of unfertilized eggs to form embryos. Parthenogenesis of unfertilized eggs is done using potassium chloride, sodium chloride, calcium chloride, chloroform, butyric acid, toluene, benzene, acetone etc.

(i) Parthenogenesis is induced by electric shock to the unfertilized egg. The egg develops into an embryo. A new plant develops from the embryo.

(ii) Unfertilized ovum at 300 cm. After temperature 00-100 C. Transferred to temperature. Parthenogenesis of unfertilized eggs occurs when the temperature changes drastically. The ovum gives rise to the embryo and the embryo gives rise to a new plant.

(iii) Parthenogenesis occurs when the unfertilized ovum is pierced with a needle.

(iv) Parthenogenesis of unfertilized eggs is induced by application of UV light.

1. Physical parthenogenesis

(i) Parthenogenesis is induced by electric shock to the unfertilized egg. The egg develops into an embryo. A new plant develops from the embryo.

(ii) Unfertilized ovum at 300 cm. After temperature 00-100 C. Transferred to temperature. Parthenogenesis of unfertilized eggs occurs when the temperature changes drastically. The ovum gives rise to the embryo and the embryo gives rise to a new plant.

(iii) Parthenogenesis occurs when the unfertilized ovum is pierced with a needle.

(iv) Parthenogenesis of unfertilized eggs is induced by application of UV light.

2. Chemical parthenogenesis

Biological studies have shown that the application of certain chemicals can induce parthenogenesis of unfertilized eggs to form embryos. Parthenogenesis of unfertilized eggs is done using potassium chloride, sodium chloride, calcium chloride, chloroform, butyric acid, toluene, benzene, acetone etc.

If the diploid egg produced by the process of mitosis develops into an embryo without fertilization, it is called diploid parthenogenesis. The organisms produced in this process are diploid. Such as Parthenium (Parthenium argentatum), Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), Taraxacum (Taraxacum albidum) etc.

If the haploid egg produced by meiosis develops into an embryo without fertilization, it is called haploid parthenogenesis. The organisms produced in this process are haploid and sterile. For example – bee, bolata, tobacco, bitter gourd (Solanum nigrum), purple orchid (Orchis maculata) etc.

Natural parthenogenesis is mainly of two types. These are-

1. Haploid parthenogenesis: If the haploid egg produced by meiosis develops into an embryo without fertilization, it is called haploid parthenogenesis. The organisms produced in this process are haploid and sterile. For example – bee, bolata, tobacco, bitter gourd (Solanum nigrum), purple orchid (Orchis maculata) etc.
2. Diploid parthenogenesis: If the diploid egg produced by the process of mitosis develops into an embryo without fertilization, it is called diploid parthenogenesis. The organisms produced in this process are diploid. Such as Parthenium (Parthenium argentatum), Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), Taraxacum (Taraxacum albidum) etc.

Parthenogenesis is formed from the Greek word parthenos meaning virgin or unfertilized and genesis meaning origin. The process by which ovules develop into embryos and ovules into seeds without fertilization is called parthenogenesis. Parthenocarpy is the process of producing seedless fruit with the application of hormones. In 1908, scientist Winkler first observed the process of embryo production without fertilization. Parthenogenesis occurs in plants like lemon, orange etc.

Parthenogenesis is formed from the Greek word parthenos meaning virgin or unfertilized and genesis meaning origin. The process by which ovules develop into embryos and ovules into seeds without fertilization is called parthenogenesis. Parthenocarpy is the process of producing seedless fruit with the application of hormones. In 1908, scientist Winkler first observed the process of embryo production without fertilization. Parthenogenesis occurs in plants like lemon, orange etc.

Natural parthenogenesis is mainly of two types. These are-
1. Haploid parthenogenesis: If the haploid egg produced by meiosis develops into an embryo without fertilization, it is called haploid parthenogenesis. The organisms produced in this process are haploid and sterile. For example – bee, bolata, tobacco, bitter gourd (Solanum nigrum), purple orchid (Orchis maculata) etc.
2. Diploid parthenogenesis: If the diploid egg produced by the process of mitosis develops into an embryo without fertilization, it is called diploid parthenogenesis. The organisms produced in this process are diploid. Such as Parthenium (Parthenium argentatum), Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), Taraxacum (Taraxacum albidum) etc.