The German word Chranz means wreath. A garland-like ring of mesophyll cells containing tiny chloroplasts around the leaf bundle sheath is called Crange anatomy. In 1974, scientist Laetsch called this concentric ring of bundle sheaths as Chranz anatomy. Chranz anatomy is a particularly significant feature of C4 plants. It helps plants in photosynthesis in the presence of low CO2.

Starch is produced in the chloroplast during photosynthesis. Starch is first converted to glucose and then to sucrose. Sucrose is transported throughout the plant body. After being transported to different parts of the plant body, it is used in metabolism and stored for the future. During the day when glucose is high, water loss results in insoluble sediment. During the night, insoluble carbohydrates are converted to soluble glucose. Excess glucose is converted to white matter under the action of amylase enzyme. Chloride accumulates in plant roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds. It is useful in making amino acids, proteins, fats etc.

Crassulacean acid metabolism is abbreviated as CAM. CAM metabolism is a special feature of succulent plants. In 1804, De Saussure first observed that ficus bengalensis has more organic acids at night and less organic acids during the day. This occurs in many succulents of the Crassulaceae and Cactaceae families. Bryophyllum, Annanus, Orchid, Cractus, Crassula, Sedum etc. show decrease-increase in acid content. In the leaves of these plants, organic acid and pH decrease during the day and organic acid and pH increase at night. So at night the stomata are open and photosynthesis takes place. The increase in the amount of organic acids at night is called dark acidification and the decrease in the amount of organic acids at night is called light deacidification. The steps in the CAM process are similar to the C4 cycle.

1. Photosynthesis occurs at high temperatures (30-450C) in C4 plants. Hence they are functional at high temperatures.
2. Phospho-enol pyruvic acid is the most efficient CO2 acceptor in C4 plants.
3. Food production and transport is high due to the cranial anatomy of leaves.
4. Even if the concentration of CO2 is low, the trajectory of R can continue.
5. In C4 plants, respiration and photorespiration are low, so CO2 emission is high.
6. The C4 pathway remains active even though the stomata of frost plants are partially closed.
7. C4 plants carry some important adaptive traits. Due to these characteristics they can survive in tropical and arid regions.

1. Optimum temperature for C4 plants is 32-450C for photosynthesis.
2. C4 plants are capable of photosynthesis in the presence of small amounts of CO2.
3. C4 plant carbon-fixing enzymes are more efficient.
4. C4 plant carbon molecules readily participate in various metabolic processes.
5. No or very little photorespiration occurs in C4 plants.
6. C4 plants have chloroplasts around the bundlesheath so sugars can be transported easily.
7. Inhibition of photosynthesis in C4 plants is not obtained even when the oxygen content in the air is greater than 20%.

sugarcane, bhutra, china, kaun, oat, sorghum, millet, crab grass, guinea grass, dhaincha, reed etc.

1. They originate from tropical countries.
2. C4 plants are able to adapt to high temperatures.
3. Temperatures of 30-450C are favorable for their survival.
4. Their leaves have cranial anatomy.
5. They have a layer of mesophyll cells surrounding the bundle sheath of the leaf.
6. Calvin-Basham cycle and Hatch-Slack cycle occur in their mesophyll cells.
7. Their CO2 oxidation rate is high.
8. The photosynthesis rate of these plants is high.
9. Their respiration and photorespiration are less.
10. Their chloroplasts are of two types. Granular and non-granular chloroplasts.
11. Their photosynthesis is best when atmospheric CO2 concentration is 0.10-10 ppm.
12. As the photosynthesis rate of plants is very high, their compensation point is zero (0).
13. As both the C3 and C4 cycles are active in these plants, the CO2 assimilating enzymes are RuBisCO and PEPcase.
14. Oxaloacetic acid (OAA) is the first stable compound produced in the photosynthetic process of this plant.
15. Their photosynthetic rate continues under intense sunlight, stress and high temperatures.
16. They are highly adaptable and grow well in saline soils.
17. They reduce water loss and can be adapted to arid regions. That is, frosty features can be observed.
18. Bundlesheath cells and mesophyll cells contain many plasmodesmata.
19. Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase enzyme activity is absent in mesophyll cells of C4 plants.
20. Bundlesheath chloroplasts contain many starch grains, but mesephyll chloroplasts do not contain starch grains.
21. Rubisco enzyme is present only in bundlesheath cells. No mesophyll cells.

Plants that produce four-carbon oxaloacetic acid as the first stable compound during carbon assimilation in photosynthesis are called C4 plants. There are more than 900 species of C4 plants in 19 genera of cryptic flora. Several C4 plants exist in the Poaceae and Cyparaceae families.

1. Production of pyruvic acid: Pyruvic acid is produced in the C4 cycle. The pyruvic acid produced is stored in the plant body.
2. Plant Food: Food production is high in the C4 cycle. This food fulfills the needs of plants. If the cycle does not occur, the plant body will lack nutrients.
3. Animal Food: Food produced in the C4 cycle is stored in plant bodies. Animals consume plants as food and fulfill their nutritional needs.
4. Keeping photosynthesis going: Without the C4 cycle, the process of photosynthesis would have stopped. Hence the C4 cycle plays an important role in photosynthesis.
5. Organic acid production: Oxaloacetic acid and malic acid are produced in this cycle. These organic acids complete the biological functions of plants.
6. Essential components: Oxaloacetic acid, malic acid, pyruvic acid, phospho-enol pyruvic etc. are produced in C4 cycle. These elements are essential for plants.
7. Metabolism: Different types of acids or substances produced in this cycle cause metabolism in the plant body.
8. ATP production: ATP is produced in the C4 cycle. ATP provides energy to the plant body.
9. NAD malic pathway: NAD malic enzyme C4 pathway is functional in plants like China, Kaun, Millet etc.
These plants produce food through this cycle.
10. NADP malic pathway: NADP malic enzyme C4 pathway is functional in plants like Bhutra, Eksu, Sargam, Crab grass etc. These plants produce food through this cycle.
11. Phospho-enol pyruvate pathway: Phospho-enol pyruvate carboxykinase C4 pathway is functional in guinea grass.
1. Production of pyruvic acid: Pyruvic acid is produced in the C4 cycle. The pyruvic acid produced is stored in the plant body.
2. Plant Food: Food production is high in the C4 cycle. This food fulfills the needs of plants. If the cycle does not occur, the plant body will lack nutrients.
3. Animal Food: Food produced in the C4 cycle is stored in plant bodies. Animals consume plants as food and fulfill their nutritional needs.
4. Keeping photosynthesis going: Without the C4 cycle, the process of photosynthesis would have stopped. Hence the C4 cycle plays an important role in photosynthesis.
5. Organic acid production: Oxaloacetic acid and malic acid are produced in this cycle. These organic acids complete the biological functions of plants.
6. Essential components: Oxaloacetic acid, malic acid, pyruvic acid, phospho-enol pyruvic etc. are produced in C4 cycle. These elements are essential for plants.
7. Metabolism: Different types of acids or substances produced in this cycle cause metabolism in the plant body.
8. ATP production: ATP is produced in the C4 cycle. ATP provides energy to the plant body.
9. NAD malic pathway: NAD malic enzyme C4 pathway is functional in plants like China, Kaun, Millet etc.
These plants produce food through this cycle.
10. NADP malic pathway: NADP malic enzyme C4 pathway is functional in plants like Bhutra, Eksu, Sargam, Crab grass etc. These plants produce food through this cycle.
11. Phospho-enol pyruvate pathway: Phospho-enol pyruvate carboxykinase C4 pathway is functional in guinea grass.

1. Physical Growth: Most plants in the C4 cycle have high physical growth.
2. Crop Production: C4 cycle plants have higher crop production rates.
3. Carbohydrate production capacity: C4 cycle plants have higher sugar production capacity than E3 plants.
4. Photosynthesis Rate: The CO2 consumer in the C4 cycle is PEP, so the potential for photosynthesis is low.
5. Organic acid production: C4 plants have more organic acid production capacity.
6. Effect of CO2: Because of the high specificity of carboxylase for CO2, carbon assimilation in plants is not disrupted even at very low CO2 concentrations.