1. Nitrogenous : Urea 2%, Uric Acid 0.05%, Creatinine 0.07%, Hippuric Acid 0.05%, Indican
2. Non-Nitrogenous : Citrate, Lactate, Ketonebodies 0.02%
3. Cations : Sodium 0.35%, Potassium 0.15%, Ammonium 0.04%, Calcium 0.03%, Magnesium 0.01%.
4. Anions: Chloride 0.60%, Phosphate 0.27%, Sulphate 0.18%

1. Nature: Urine is clear, fluid and hypertonic.
2. Color: Urochrome in urine is straw or light yellow in color. Urine is dark yellow in color due to dehydration. If the urine contains blood, pus, sperm, bacteria, etc., it is cloudy in color.
3. Odour: Urine is usually musty smelling. Its smell is very aromatic. Urine smells because of the presence of odorous substance called urinode. Urinary urea is converted to ammonia on contact with bacteria. Hence the smell of ammonia is found in the urine.
4. Chemical reaction: Urine is slightly abnormal. Its pH value is 5.0-6.5.
5. Specific gravity: The relative gravity of urine is 1.008-1.030.
6. Volume: 6-8 times and 0.5-2.5 liters of urine is released daily.
7. Components: Urine contains urea, uric acid, creatinine, hippuric acid, indican, sodium, potassium, ammonium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, phosphate, sulfate etc.

The main excretory waste of humans is urine. After the glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed by the renal tubules, the yellow, strong-smelling and non-nitrogenous liquid that accumulates in the urinary bladder is called urine. A healthy person excretes an average of 1.5 liters of urine daily. If the daily urine output is > 2.5 liters it is called polyuria, < 400 ml is called oliguria and < 100 ml is called anuria. Hyperuricosuria is caused by excessive uric acid in the urine. Substances that increase urine volume are called diuretics (water, tea, coffee). Diseases like diabetes, nephritis etc affect the rate and volume of urine.

The concentration of a substance in a solution is called osmolarity. Terrestrial and freshwater animals and marine bonyfishes maintain body mass concentrations one-third that of saltwater and 10 times that of freshwater. So they are called Osmoregulators. Those animals whose concentration of body substances is equal to the concentration of environment are called Osmoconformers.

The concentration of K+ ions in the human body is 4 mmol/L in the extracellular fluid and 160 mmol/L in the intracellular fluid. In a healthy body this concentration is always liquid. When consuming different types of fruits, more K+ ions enter the body than required. Excess K+ ions are removed from the body through urine and feces. As a result, the balance of potassium ions in the body is maintained.

Na+ ion concentration in human body is 142 mmol/L in extracellular fluid and 10 mmol/L in intracellular fluid. In a healthy body this concentration is always constant. During intake of food and drink more Na+ ions enter the body than required. Excess Na+ ions are removed from the body through urine, feces and sweat. As a result, sodium ion balance is maintained in the body.

If excess water is lost through excess sweat and urine, water deficiency occurs in the body. It increases blood density. The news of this change in blood reaches the hypothalamus and the osmoreceptors of the hypothalamus are stimulated. Therefore, antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is produced from the posterior pituitary gland in the process of neurosecretion. ADH increases renal tubular permeability. The renal tubule reabsorbs large amounts of water from the glomerular filtrate and returns it to the blood. It produces less urine and is excreted from the body. This work continues until the water balance in the body.
Again, when the amount of water in the body increases, the blood becomes more fluid. The news of this change in blood reaches the hypothalamus. As a result, the production of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) by the posterior pituitary gland stops or decreases. This causes the renal tubules to become impervious. Renal tubular reabsorption of water from the glomerular filtrate ceases (or is greatly reduced). As a result, more urine is produced and excreted from the body. Urine volume can increase up to 16 ml per minute. This process continues until the water balance in the body.

The physiological process that maintains the balance of water and mineral salts in the body is called osmoregulation.
Most of the water is excreted from the body through urine. When the amount of water in the body decreases by 20%, the physical activity is disturbed. If you take more liquids, the amount of water in the body increases.

The physiological process that maintains the balance of water and mineral salts in the body is called osmoregulation.
Most of the water is excreted from the body through urine. When the amount of water in the body decreases by 20%, the physical activity is disturbed. If you take more liquids, the amount of water in the body increases.
1. Maintaining water balance: If excess water is lost through excess sweat and urine, water deficiency occurs in the body. It increases blood density. The news of this change in blood reaches the hypothalamus and the osmoreceptors of the hypothalamus are stimulated. Therefore, antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is produced from the posterior pituitary gland in the process of neurosecretion. ADH increases renal tubular permeability. The renal tubule reabsorbs large amounts of water from the glomerular filtrate and returns it to the blood. It produces less urine and is excreted from the body. This work continues until the water balance in the body.
Again, when the amount of water in the body increases, the blood becomes more fluid. The news of this change in blood reaches the hypothalamus. As a result, the production of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) by the posterior pituitary gland stops or decreases. This causes the renal tubules to become impervious. Renal tubular reabsorption of water from the glomerular filtrate ceases (or is greatly reduced). As a result, more urine is produced and excreted from the body. Urine volume can increase up to 16 ml per minute. This process continues until the water balance in the body.
2. Maintenance of sodium ion balance: Na+ ion concentration in human body is 142 mmol/L in extracellular fluid and 10 mmol/L in intracellular fluid. In a healthy body this concentration is always constant. During intake of food and drink more Na+ ions enter the body than required. Excess Na+ ions are removed from the body through urine, feces and sweat. As a result, sodium ion balance is maintained in the body.
3. Maintenance of potassium ion balance: The concentration of K+ ions in the human body is 4 mmol/L in the extracellular fluid and 160 mmol/L in the intracellular fluid. In a healthy body this concentration is always liquid. When consuming different types of fruits, more K+ ions enter the body than required. Excess K+ ions are removed from the body through urine and feces. As a result, the balance of potassium ions in the body is maintained.

If the solute concentration of the glomerular filtrate is less than the solute concentration of the plasma, it is called a hypotonic filtrate.