1. Tinea Capitis: Scalp ringworm is called Tinea Capitis. This infection occurs more in young boys and girls. Affected areas lose hair and become inflamed.
2. Athlete’s Foot: Athlete’s foot is the ringworm that occurs on the skin of the hands and feet. In the folds of the hands, on the sides of the fingers and between the feet, the infection is more common. The skin is dry, red and scaly and itchy. Sometimes skin rashes are seen. Dr. Siddique Publications
3. Tinea Corporis: Ringworm that occurs on the skin of the body is called Tinea Corporis. Reddish rings or circular spots are seen on hands, feet, abdomen and back. The edges of the ring are scaly and the center is clear.
4. Tinea Cruris: Ringworm that occurs on the skin of the groin is called Tinea Cruris. It is also called Jock Itch. Men who sweat more have this skin disease. Groin itches and red rash appears.

Human ringworm is caused by fungi called Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton tonsurans, Trichophyton interdigitale, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Microsporum canis and Epidermophyton floccosum.

Ringworm is a contagious disease. It spreads easily from one body to another. Unclean body, body wet with sweat, body wet for a long time, if there are wounds on the skin, it is easy to get sick. Young boys and girls are more affected by shingles. If a large number of boys or girls live in orphanages, orphanages, hospitals or small places, the disease spreads rapidly. The disease is spread by towels, lungis, pants, shirts, combs, towels, sheets, bedding, dishes etc. of the patient. Diseases spread by pets. Bacterial infections are more common in high and wet places. Germs have a dormant period of 3-5 days. Symptoms appear 3-5 days after infection. Ringworm can occur anywhere on the body. Symptoms are more common on the face and hands. The skull is fatal. Thighs and nails are also affected. The disease spreads rapidly in high humidity environments.

Ringworm is a contagious or contagious skin disease. In the language of medical science, it is called tinea. The disease is called Trichophytina or Trichophytosis because it is caused by the fungus Trichophyton. The fungal attack destroys the keratin protein of the skin and causes ringworm. Hence they are known as keratinophilic fungi. Ringworm infection is called dermatophytosis. The fungi that cause ringworm are called dermatophytes. Ringworm is named for this characteristic ringworm symptom.

1. Disease resistant varieties should be used as seed. Disease resistant potato varieties like Kufri Sinduri, Kufri Chandramukhi, Kufri Nice, RKM, Abanaki, Belchip, Back King, Superior etc. should be used.
2. Potato seeds should be collected from disease free areas.
3. Seed potatoes should be dried in the hot sun.
4. Potatoes should be cultivated in high places.
5. The root of the potato plant should be elevated.
6. The soil should not be too wet.
7. Land waste should be burnt.
8. The soil should be well treated with 1% boron or copper-lime.
9. Potatoes should be cultivated in open fields and space should be kept between rows of potato plants.
10. Diathon M-45 should be sprayed once when the plant is 6-10 cm, then after 15 days.
11. Control the disease with Bordeaux mixture, Mancozeb 0.2% and Copper oxychloride.
12. Diseased leaves should be removed by sprinkling cynox or ammonium thiocyanate.
13. Potatoes should be harvested in dry weather.
14. Potatoes should be stored in the refrigerator. The temperature in the freezer should be controlled at 50C.
15. Irrigation and use of nitrogen fertilizers should be avoided.
16. Crop rotation system should be introduced.
17. Quarantine procedures should be adopted.

(i) Reddish-brown spots appear on diseased potatoes or tubers.
(ii) Reddish brown black spots are seen on the skin of diseased potato.
(iii) Tuber moist rot.
(iv) Dry rot in tubers.
(v) Potato or tuber yield is reduced.

(i) In cloudy and humid weather the spots spread from leaves to stems and the plant droops.
(ii) At 12-250 C, the spots spread throughout the plant body.
(iii) If the attack is severe, the infected plant gives off a bad smell like rotten eggs.
(iv) Diseased plants die and turn black.

(i) Greenish-grey spots are seen on the tips and edges of the leaves. The spots are round or uneven in shape.
(ii) The spots are large, light brown in color and eventually turn reddish black or blackish brown.
(iii) Rotting occurs with dark wet spots on the leaves.
(iv) A velvety coating is formed on the affected area.
(v) Root mycelium and conidiophores are seen on the underside of leaves.
(vi) Spots spread to petioles or petioles.
(vii) Diseased leaves become scorched.
(viii) Dry rot in tubers.

1. Leaf disease symptoms
(i) Greenish-grey spots are seen on the tips and edges of the leaves. The spots are round or uneven in shape.
(ii) The spots are large, light brown in color and eventually turn reddish black or blackish brown.
(iii) Rotting occurs with dark wet spots on the leaves.
(iv) A velvety coating is formed on the affected area.
(v) Root mycelium and conidiophores are seen on the underside of leaves.
(vi) Spots spread to petioles or petioles.
(vii) Diseased leaves become scorched.
(viii) Dry rot in tubers.
2. Stem disease symptoms
(i) In cloudy and humid weather the spots spread from leaves to stems and the plant droops.
(ii) At 12-250 C, the spots spread throughout the plant body.
(iii) If the attack is severe, the infected plant gives off a bad smell like rotten eggs.
(iv) Diseased plants die and turn black.
3. Disease symptoms in potato
(i) Reddish-brown spots appear on diseased potatoes or tubers.
(ii) Reddish brown black spots are seen on the skin of diseased potato.
(iii) Tuber moist rot.
(iv) Dry rot in tubers.
(v) Potato or tuber yield is reduced.

1. The mycelium of the fungus is like a colorless white cotton.
2 Fungal mycelium is highly branched and sinocytic.
3. They live as dead animals or parasites.
4. It resides in the intercellular spaces of the host and absorbs food by haustoria.
5. Branches of sporangiophores produce lemon-shaped sporangium.
6. Sporangium produces bi-flagellated spores.
7. A single conidium is produced at the apex of each branch of the conidiophore.
8. Conidia are ovoid, thick-walled, with granular protoplasm and multiple nuclei.
9. It is a diploid fungus. Its cells have 11-13 chromosomes. It contains 240 million base pairs and 18000 genes.