1. Carbohydrates are made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
2. It contains more hydroxyl group (-OH).
3. They combine with acids to form esters.
4. Moist analysis of this yields aldehydes and ketones.
5. Carbohydrates must contain hydroxyl and carbonyl groups.
6. Carbohydrates are attached to lipids to form glycolipids and proteins to form glycoproteins.
7. It stores short term energy.
8. Cellulose is the structural component of plant cell walls and chitin is the cell wall of fungi.

1. Carbohydrates are granular, fibrous and powdery solids.
2. It is sweet or tasteless.
3. It is insoluble in water, but monosaccharides are soluble in water.
4. Its molecular weight ranges from 10,000 to several hundred thousand daltons.
5. They turn into carbon or embers on high heat.
6. It is light active and light tolerant.

The main source of carbohydrates is plants. Most plant bodies contain 50-80% of their dry weight as carbohydrates. Major carbohydrate producing plants are – rice, wheat, sugarcane, bhutra, barley, cow, sugar, beet, carrot, date, grape, apple, mango, banana etc. Roots, stems, leaves, fruits and seeds of plants contain carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are found in guava, apple, onion, mango, pineapple, lichen, moss etc. Animal liver, muscle and milk contain carbohydrates.

The word carbohydrate is derived from the French word hydrate de carbon. It means hydrate of carbon or hydration of carbon. Carbohydrates are called carbs or saccharides or staff of life.

All the organic compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in which the ratio of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen is 1:2:1 are called carbohydrates or sugars. There are also many compounds that do not have a 1:2:1 ratio, including carbohydrates. According to the modern definition, all aldehyde and ketone compounds containing hydroxyl groups are called carbohydrates. Or, polyhydroxy aldehydes, polyhydroxyketones and their derivatives are collectively called carbohydrates.

Born – 17 January 1955 AD. He is an American biochemist. Drew Wazman and Catalin Carrico discovered that the nitrogen of nucleosides changes in alkaline reactions. Awarded Nobel in Medicine (2023).

Born – September 7, 1959. He is an American medical scientist. Drew Wazman and Catalin Carrico discovered that the nitrogen of nucleosides changes in alkaline reactions. Awarded Nobel in Medicine (2023).

Born – 20 April 1955 AD. He is a Swedish evolutionary geneticist. He discovered how the human immune system responds to bacterial infections. His books are – Neanderthal Man, In Search of Lost Genomes, How the E19 Protein of Adenoviruses. Awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine (2022).

Born – 2 October 1967 AD. He is a Lebanese molecular biologist. David Julius and Ardem Pataputian discovered temperature and touch receptors in cells. Awarded Nobel in Medicine (2021).

Born – November 4, 1955. He is an American biochemist. David Julius and Ardem Pataputian discovered temperature and touch receptors in cells. Awarded Nobel in Medicine (2021).