The nucleus is usually round. But can be ellipsoidal, flattened, fusiform (rounded), toothed etc. Spherical nucleus is one micron in diameter. Cells with more cytoplasm have larger nuclei and cells with less cytoplasm have smaller nuclei.

Normally each cell has a nucleus. However, cells of Vaucheria, Botrydium, Sphaeroplea, Penicillium, Opalina, Osteoclasts and Paramecium are more numerous. Multinucleated plant cells are called sinocytes. Animal cells with multiple nuclei are called syncytium. Stem cells, stem cells and mammalian red blood cells (except camels) do not have a nucleus. Nucleus may occupy 10-15% of cell space. About 90% of sperm are nuclei.

Dutch scientist Anthony von Leeuwenhoek was the first to observe the lumen or nucleus in the red blood cells of salmon. In 1831, Robert Brown discovered the nucleus from Rasna leaves. In 1882, scientist Strasburger gave the idea of ​​nucleoplasm. In 1953, scientist J. Hammerling sheds light on the function of hereditary characteristics of the nucleus.

The name Nucleus is derived from the Latin word Nux-nut. The dense, opaque and spherical organelle located in the protoplasm of the cell which carries the genetic material and controls the vital functions of the cell is called the nucleus. It is also called the nucleus, nucleus and brain of the cell. It is the largest cell organelle.

1. Both mitochondria and chloroplasts are membrane-enclosed organelles.
2. Both mitochondria and chloroplasts can replicate themselves.
3. Both mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own ribosomes.
4. Both mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA.
5. ETCs exist in both mitochondria and chloroplasts and generate ATP.
6. In both mitochondria and chloroplasts, one form of energy is converted into another form of energy.

Cells that are not completely dependent on the nucleus for ATP and protein production are called semi-autonomous cells. Chloroplasts and mitochondria are semi-autonomous organelles. Because they can produce ATP by their own proteins and enzymes.
1. DNA: Both chloroplasts and mitochondria contain circular DNA with a length of 45 micrometers. This DNA produces proteins and enzymes. These elements are the raw materials for making ATP.
2. Ribosomes: Both chloroplasts and mitochondria contain 70S ribosomes. It synthesizes proteins.
3. Protein synthesis: Studies have shown that DNA in both chloroplasts and mitochondria provides the code for mATP, tATP, rATP and protein synthesis for the cell.
Chloroplasts and mitochondria contain their own DNA and ribosomes. It can make proteins and enzymes that are used to make ATP. Hence chloroplast and mitochondria are called semi-autonomous organelles or semi-autonomous organelles.

1. Chloroplasts of green plants produce O2 during photosynthesis. Plants and animals take in O2 and release CO2 in the process of respiration. As a result, the atmosphere of the environment is purified.
2. Green plants release water vapor in the process of respiration. This water vapor condenses and forms precipitation.
3. Plants provide shade and keep the environment cool. It makes the living environment happy.
4. Green gardens and meadows create a unique environment.
5. Green plants increase soil fertility.
6. High chloroplast content in plants increases fruit and crop production. As a result, the food demand is met. In this orderly condition prevails in the living environment.
7. Green grass is used as animal feed. Cattle consuming green grass have higher milk and meat production capacity.
8. Green algae produce large amounts of oxygen in the water of ponds, reservoirs, rivers, seas and oceans. It keeps the water environment clean.
9. Green chlorella is used to keep the bathing environment clean. Chlorella algae produce oxygen.
10. Green forests meet demand for wood and fuel. Necessary furniture is made from wood.

Chloroplast is the only green organelle present in the plant body. It produces sugary food (glucose) in the process of photosynthesis.
1. Ribulose 1, 5 bisphosphate reacts with atmospheric CO2 to form 3-phosphoglyceric acid.
2. 3-phosphoglyceric acid is then converted to 1,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid.
3. 1, 3 Bisphosphoglyceric acid produces 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone phosphate.
4. Fructose 1, 6 bisphosphate is produced from 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde.
5. Fructose 1,6 bisphosphate is converted to fructose 6-phosphate.
6. Glucose 6-phosphate is produced from fructose 6-phosphate
7. Glucose/food is produced from glucose 6-phosphate.

1. Energy conversion: Chloroplast is the only converter of solar energy in the living world. Chloroplasts convert solar energy into chemical energy.
2. Food production: Chloroplast is the only green organelle present in the plant body. It produces sugary food in the process of photosynthesis. As a result, the food needs of the living world are met.
3. Protein production: 70S ribosomes are present in chloroplasts. It synthesizes proteins. So plants that have more chloroplasts produce more protein.
4. Nucleic acid production: Nucleic acid is the most essential element of the organism. Chloroplasts play an important role in making nucleic acids. Nucleic acid acts as the container and carrier of heredity in organisms.
5. Cytoplasmic heredity: Cytoplasmic heredity is a hot topic in modern research. Chloroplastic DNA of cells plays an important role in cytoplasmic inheritance. Heredity holds its own characteristics.
6. Photophosphorylation: Chloroplast produces ATP by combining ADP and Pi in the presence of sunlight. This process is called photophosphorylation. ATP stores and supplies energy.
7. Photorespiration: Photorespiration or light respiration takes place in the chloroplasts of plants. In this process, oxygen is taken in and carbon dioxide is released. Photolysis is a harmful process.
8. Photolysis: Photolysis occurs in chloroplasts. In this process, H2O is broken down to produce O2.
9. Carbon dioxide fixation: Carbon dioxide fixation occurs in the chloroplast quantum. This phenomenon occurs in the light neutral phase of photosynthesis.
10. Stored material: Enzymes, co-enzymes, DNA, RNA, sugars, proteins, fats etc. are stored in the matrix of chloroplasts.
11. Production of phosphoglyceric acid: It uses absorbed energy to produce 3-carbon phosphoglyceric acid from 6-carbon sugars.

1. Protein: About 35-55% of the dry weight of chloroplasts is protein. Of this, insoluble protein is 80% and soluble protein is 20%.
2. Lipids: 10-20% of the dry weight of chloroplasts are lipids. Among them, phospholipids are the most.
3. Dyes: It contains 6-12% dyes. Among them 75% chlorophyll-a, 25% chlorophyll-b, carotene, xanthophyll etc.
4. Nucleic acid: Chloroplast contains 5% nucleic acid. Nucleic acids are DNA and RNA.
5. Mineral Salt: It contains 3% mineral salt. Mineral salts are high in magnesium. Besides, ion and copper are worth mentioning.
6. Carbohydrates: Chloroplasts do not contain specific amounts of carbohydrates. It is always changing. Starch is its simple carbohydrate.