1. Advanced enzymes are produced.
2. Creating synthetic peptides superior to natural proteins.
3. Insulin and interferon production.

1. Viruses are identified in plants and animals.
2. Diagnosis and treatment of various genetic diseases through DNA probes.
3. Production of specific antibodies to destroy various tumor cells.
4. Germ weapons are made using various microbes.

1. In the 1970s, the first tissue culture of jute was done in the Department of Botany, Dhaka University. Then various universities and research institutes started tissue culture.
2. Dhaka University scientists have developed varieties of salt tolerant rice, cold tolerant jute and insect resistant pulses using molecular markers.
3. ICDDR, B produced the Sigella vaccine through biotechnology.
4. Bangladesh Animal Research Institute has developed some vaccines against plague and spring disease in goats and cattle and poultry.
5. The Ministry of Fisheries and Animal Resources has produced vaccines for bovine foot and mouth disease and anthrax, fowl cholera and Salmonella Newcastle disease.
6. Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute has developed molecular production of endangered species of fish, carp, catfish, tilapia, magur, punti and GIFT fish varieties.
7. Bangladesh Agricultural University, National Institute of Biotechnology and Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute are conducting research on finger print and microsatellite genotyping methods. It verifies the pedigree of indigenous breeds of goats, sheep, cows and buffaloes.
8. Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission has developed strategies to increase silk production and control fruit flies and Aedes mosquitoes using low levels of gamma radiation. Improved IPM systems using hormones and pheromone traps.
9. The Department of Biotechnology of Dhaka University has developed a strategy to control the moth national pest.
10. Bangladesh National Council of Science and Industrial Research has developed techniques for disease identification of various crops, fruits, forest medicinal plants using modern molecular technology.
11. In 2010 Dr. Bangladeshi scientists led by Maksudul Alam discovered the genomic sequence of jute. As a result, it will be possible to develop fine fiber jute, strong fiber jute like cotton, winter jute, medicinal jute, easily degradable jute, insect repellent jute etc.
12. In 2018, Bangladeshi scientists living in America discovered the genomic sequence of Hilsa fish.

1. Genome Scanning: Genome scanning will allow the complete genome of any organism to be known very quickly in a short time. 97% of inactive genes present in the chromosome can be detected.
2. Stem cells: Stem cells will be able to produce cells in any organ of the body. Therefore, the newly discovered drug will not need to be tested in other animals. Besides, it will be easy to replace organs lost in various accidents.
3. Gene therapy and RNAi: Gene therapy replaces disease-causing genes with healthy genes. Gene therapy is used to treat hereditary diseases, cancer and some infectious diseases. Viruses, RNAi, antisense or zinc finger proteins are used as carriers of these genes.
4. Micro RNA: Micro RNA can inhibit the function of disease-causing genes. Micro RNA is used to diagnose and treat cancer, viral infections, metabolic disorders and inflammatory diseases.
5. Gene Cloning: Beneficial and beneficial things are created for humans by gene cloning or recombinant DNA.
6. GM Microorganisms: Environmental pollution is reduced by using GM microorganisms. All these microorganisms are environment friendly.
7. Nanotechnology: Nanotechnology is used to create material needed by humans by changing the molecular structure of matter. This technology is hygienic and safe.
8. Economic savings of farmers: Biotechnology greatly helps the farmers in tillage, sowing of seeds, planting of seedlings, use of pesticides, harvesting and storage of crops.

(i) Drugs can be introduced into target cells by means of viruses.
(ii) The desired gene is introduced into the patient.
(iii) Widely applicable in genetic engineering.

Gene therapy is the method to correct the defective gene responsible for producing a particular disease. The cloned gene is cut by restriction enzymes and the correct gene is inserted. Gene therapy can be done in two ways.
1. Cells with the correct genes are created in the laboratory. It is then injected into the patient’s body.
2. Viruses are mutated into viruses. It is then introduced into human target cells. The correct gene is inserted into the target cell. As a result, the disease is free.

1. The EPO gene is isolated from the human body.
2. Recombinant DNA is created by inserting the EPO gene into a plasmid.
3. Recombinant DNA is introduced into host cells.
4. Hosts with recombinant DNA are cultured.
5. Medicines are made by isolating EPO from the host. Pushing EPO by injection to a kidney patient reverses the anemia.

Erythropoietin is a type of hormone. It originates from the kidney and enters the bone marrow cells. Bone marrow cells help produce red blood cells. The patient suffe

1. mRNA of the TPA gene has been isolated from human cells.
2. cDNA is made from mRNA.
3. Recombinant DNA is created by combining cDNA with plasmids.
4. Recombinant DNA is introduced into host cells.
5. Hosts with recombinant DNA are cultured in culture medium and thousands of copies are made.
6. Medicines are prepared by isolating the TPA protein from the host.
7. Pushing TPA injection into the blood vessel of a heart attack or stroke patient dissolves the blood block and the patient recovers.

Human blood contains the enzyme plasmin. The plasmin enzyme exists in the blood in the form of plasminogen. Plasminogen is inactive. TPA converts inactive plasminogen to active plasminogen. Activated plasminogen dissolves blood clots in the human body. The process of dissolving clotted blood is called fibrinolysis. Protects people from heart attack or stroke. Heals the patient by dissolving the blood block. In 1970, the enzyme streptokinase was isolated from bacteria, which dissolves clotted blood.