Hosts are selected to carry the recombinant DNA. In this case E. coli bacteria act as host. Recombinant DNA is introduced into host cells. But under normal conditions bacteria do not accept other plasmids. If the culture medium in which the bacterium is grown is heated and a suitable environment is created by adding calcium, the bacterium takes up another plasmid. The process of introducing recombinant DNA into bacterial cells is called transformation. Besides, recombinant DNA is introduced into host cells through conjugation, microinjection, liposomes, electroporation etc.

Carriers are selected to carry the required portion of the desired DNA. In this case, the bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens works as a good carrier. The required part of the desired DNA is attached to the plasmid DNA located in the cytoplasm of this bacterium. In some cases carriers such as cosmids, phagemids, artificial chromosomes etc. are used.

First the target DNA is selected. While selecting the desired DNA, one should keep in mind that it should be healthy, strong, disease free and of superior breed. Selected cells are first lysed slightly. Cell membranes are broken down using enzymes like lysozyme (bacterial cells), chitinase (fungal cells), cellulase (plant cells). The lysed cells are then centrifuged into test tubes. A quantity of cesium chloride solution is introduced into a centrifuge test tube. The solution is then centrifuged. As a result, a band of DNA is formed on the test tube. DNA is mixed with other components to form a homogenate. DNA is separated from the homogenate using enzymes such as protease (protein), ribonuclease (RNA), amylase (sugar), lipase (fat). The purified DNA is then precipitated as a thread by immersion in a cold ethanol solution. The desired DNA is selected from the degraded DNA.

1. Enzyme: Enzymes used in recombinant DNA technology are restriction, lysozyme, polymerase, ligase, alkaline phosphatase etc.
2. Vector: The vectors used in recombinant DNA technology are – plasmid, phagemid, virus, cosmid, transposon, artificial chromosome etc.
3. Host: The host used in recombinant DNA technology is E. coli, yeast, bacteria, plant cells, animal cells etc.

1. Gene fusion: The process by which two or more genes are joined to create a hybrid gene is called gene fusion. Cancer research is done by attaching another gene to a cancer-causing gene.
2. Protoplast Fusion: Fusion of two genes by joining the protoplasts of two cells is called protoplast fusion. The new plant resulting from the fusion of potato and tomato plant protoplasts is named pomato.
3. Gene amplification (Gene amplification): The process in which multiple copies of a gene are made is called gene amplification. In this process, bacteria are used to produce a large amount of vitamins, antibiotics, amino acids, etc.
4. Creation of hybridoma (Creation of hybridoma): The process in which cancer cells are combined with specific antibody-producing B-lymphocyte cells to create hybrid cells is called hybridoma. In 1975, Cesar Milstein and Georges Kohler discovered the hybridoma method.
5. Recombinant DNA Technology: By following and applying scientific and engineering principles, new DNA with new characteristics is created by combining desired DNA with plasmid DNA is called recombinant DNA.

Hybridoma is the process in which a cancer cell fuses with a specific antibody-producing B-lymphocyte cell to form a hybrid. In 1975, Cesar Milstein and Georges Kohler discovered the hybridoma method.

The process by which multiple copies of a gene are made is called gene amplification. In this process, bacteria are used to produce a large amount of vitamins, antibiotics, amino acids, etc.

The fusion of two genes by joining the protoplasts of two cells is called protoplast fusion. The new plant resulting from the fusion of potato and tomato plant protoplasts is named pomato.

The process by which two or more genes join together to form a hybrid gene is called gene splicing. Cancer research is done by attaching another gene to a cancer-causing gene.

Jack Williamson (Jack Williamson, 1951) first used the term genetic engineering in his famous book Dragon’s Island. Paul Berg (Paul Berg, 1972) created the first recombinant DNA. That is why he is called the father of genetic engineering. In 1974, the world’s first transgenic animal GM mice were created. Scientists at the J. Craig Venter Institute (2010) discovered the bacterium Cynthia, which is considered the world’s first synthetic organism. Scientist Stephen Hawking said, whether we like it or not, genetic engineering will be the most influential science of the 21st century.