(i) Creating somaclonal variation through tissue culture technology by selecting superior and superior clones to produce numerous new plant varieties in a very short period of time. Disease resistant varieties, pesticide resistant plants, drought resistant plants etc. have been created through somaclonal variation. AdhI is an improved variety of wheat produced through somaclonal variation.

(ii) New hybrid plants or cybrids are created by mating the protoplasts of two plants with different characteristics in the process of hybridization through tissue culture technology. Cybrids contain a combination of heterozygous mitochondria and chloroplasts with advanced characteristics. Cybrids have been created in plants like potato, tomato, petunia, lemon, tobacco etc. Pomato cybrid plants have been created by mating protoplasts of potato and tomato plants. They are a breed with superior traits.

(iii) Recombinant DNA technology creates the desired genome by introducing desired genes from micro-organisms, plants or animals into cultured embryos or cells. Complete transgenic plants are created from these embryos or cells in tissue culture technology. In this process, insect resistant plants, herbicide resistant plants, high nutritional quality plants (golden rice, potato, soybean, tomato, cotton, tobacco) etc. have been created.

(iv) In the process of tissue culture, new seedlings are created from the dividing tissue of the plant. The dividing tissue is sterile. It is not infected by viruses. Seedlings produced by the tissue culture process are virus free, disease resistant and pesticide resistant. So there is no need to spray pesticides and fungicides on agricultural land.

(i) Tissue culture process produces new seedlings from plant parts like roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, pollinators etc.
(ii) In this process the plant body cells are multiplied by producing flower and fruit seedlings with maternal quality.
(iii) Plants that do not produce seeds are propagated by producing seedlings from their organs.
(iv) Plants which are on the verge of extinction are being saved from extinction by producing new seedlings from any part of them.
(v) In interspecies hybridization complete hybrid plants are produced by embryo culture and embryo development.
(vi) New plants can be formed by separating the embryonic tissue from the pollinated ovules. At present research is going on with plants like Cucumis melo, Aegle marmelos, Liffa cylindrica etc.

Embryo recovery is the process of extracting embryos from fertilized ovules before abortion resulting from crosses of inter-species and inter-species plants to produce strong hybrid seedlings. Hybridization of two different species results in sterile plants. A sterile plant dies when embryos develop. Therefore, embryos can be rescued from such hybrid plants and kept alive through culture. For example-

Jute- Corchorus olitorius×C. capsularis

Tomato- Lycopersicon×L. lycopersicum

Wheat- Triticum aestivum × Hordeum vulgare

Rice- Oryza sativa×Oryza officinalis

Bean- Phaseolus vulgaris×P. angustissimus

A variety or variety produced from a plant cell or tissue is called somaclonal variation or somaclonal variation. Clonal variation arising from vegetative gametes is called gametoclonal variation. In tissue culture technology, superior and superior clones are selected by creating somaclonal variation. Numerous new cultivars were then created from the clones. Somaclonal variation has led to the creation of economically important plant cultivars, disease resistant varieties, pesticide resistant plants, drought resistant plants and herbicide resistant plants. Improved varieties of wheat produced through semiclonal variation are AdhI.

The process of producing haploid plants from stamens in tissue culture is called anther culture. This method produces androgenic haploid seedlings and homozygous breeding lines. For example, Guan rice-18 and Xinghua wheat-1.

In-vitro selection is the process of creating stress tolerant plants by applying specific stresses to a plant under cultivation conditions. In this process plants or cells with a specific stress tolerant trait are selected and multiplied. Virus resistant potato, rice, wheat, banana etc. have been developed by this method.

The process of producing seedlings from mature or immature embryos in tissue culture is called embryo culture. Embryo culture is used to break seed dormancy or to produce fertile plants. Papaya, brinjal and bell seedlings have been produced in this method.

The tissue culture process in which embryos and seedlings are produced from plant somatic cells is called somatic embryogenesis. In 1958 American plant scientist F. C. Steward and his colleagues discovered the somatic embryogenesis method and produced carrot seedlings using this method.

Micropropagation is the production of more seedlings in a short time keeping the maternal qualities intact. Micropropagation is done in plants that do not produce seeds or organs. Flowers by micropropagation – Lilium, Tulipa, Anthurium; Vegetables and spices – Allium, Apium, Brassica; Fruits and Nuts- Aegle, Ananus, Carica; Forest trees – Albizzia, Dalbergia, Pinus etc. have been established. In 1958 F. C. Steward discovered micropropagation.