A typical vertebra consists of three segments. namely-
1. Centrum or body: The main part of the vertebra is the centrum. It is large and oval in shape. It is hard, thick and spongy bone.
2. Neural Arch: The ring or ring like part formed from the surface of the vertebrae is called arch. The parts of the arch are:
(i) Pedicle: Thick, short and hard bone arising from the back of vertebra is called pedicle.
(ii) Transverse Processes: The extensions arising from the junction of pedicle and lamina are called transverse processes.
(iii) Lamina: The lamina is a flat, flat and plate-like bone lying between the transverse process and the spinous process.
(iv) Articular process or zygapophysis: Each vertebra has pre-zygapophysis (superior) anteriorly and post-zygapophysis (inferior) posteriorly. The superior articular process of one vertebra articulates with the inferior articular process of another vertebra.
(v) Spinous process: The extension arising from the lamina is called spinous process.
3. Neural foramen/canal
(i) Intervertebral foramen: The opening between the pedicles is called intervertebral foramen. It contains smooth nerves and blood vessels.
(ii) Vertebral foramen: The large opening in each vertebra is called the vertebral foramen.
(iii) Vertebral canal: Vertebral foramen of vertebrae join to form vertebral canal.