Lower plants produce spores. Spores germinate in a suitable environment to form new plants. Algae, fungi, bryophyta and pteridophyta reproduce by spores. Penicillium produces conidia, Mucor gonidia and Agaricus produce basidiospores. Algae reproduce by zoospores, aplanospores, resting spores, acinetes etc. Ferns and Lycopodia produce homospores and Selaginella and sedum produce heterospores.