Category: Biology Second Paper Lecture Sheet

1. Factor-I or Fibrinogen: Fibrinogen is a globulin like protein. It is converted to fibrin during blood clotting.
2. Factor-II or Prothrombin: Prothrombin is a plasma protein. It is converted to thrombin during blood clotting.
3. Factor-III or Thromboplastin: Thromboplastin is released from the broken microspheres. It converts prothrombin to thrombin in the presence of calcium ions.
4. Factor-IV or Calcium: Calcium ion helps in the production of thromboplastin. It converts prothrombin to thrombin.
5. Factor-V or Labile: Labile is a protein-like substance present in plasma. It converts prothrombin to thrombin.
6. Factor-VI or Axillarin: It is known as labile factor.
7. Factor-VII or Proconvertin: Proconvertin is currently not available. It is projected.
8. Factor VIII or Antihemophilic: Antihemophilic is a protein-like substance present in plasma. It helps in the production of thromboplastin.
9. Factor-IX or CRISTMAS: CRISTMAS is a protein-like substance present in plasma. It helps in the production of thromboplastin.
10. Factor-X or Stewart: Deficiency of Stewart leads to impaired blood clotting.
11. Factor-XI or Plasma Thromboplastin: It is a type of protein. It participates in the formation of thromboplastin.
12. Factor-XII or Hegman: Hegman activates kallikrein. It produces a substance called plasmakinin. Plasmakinin increases the permeability and dilatability of blood vessels.
13. Factor-XIII or Stabilizing: With the help of stabilizing calcium ions, it transforms soft tissue particles into insoluble hard fibers.

Bleeding occurs when a blood vessel is cut in any part of the body and the volume of blood in the body decreases. It disrupts food supply, gaseous transport, excreta removal etc. When the blood volume decreases, problems occur in physiological functions. Sometimes the organism may die. Bleeding must be stopped to prevent these problems.

The time it takes for the blood to clot is called blood clotting time. Human normal bleeding time is 1-4 minutes. Blood collection time is 4-5 minutes. If the blood does not clot within this period, it must be assumed that one or more factors are missing. Absence of any secretion factor results in profuse bleeding from the wound site. This is called hemophilia.

Red blood cells, white blood cells, blood fluid and other components get stuck in the body wound and blood flow is stopped. This is called blood clotting or blood clotting. The process of blood clotting is called hemostasis.

Red blood cells, white blood cells, blood fluid and other components get stuck in the body wound and blood flow is stopped. This is called blood clotting or blood clotting. The process of blood clotting is called hemostasis. The steps in the process of hemostasis are:
1. Heparin and thrombomodulin inside blood vessels prevent blood from clotting. When a wound occurs anywhere in the body, blood flows out and the blood molecules at the wound site are broken by exposure to air. The platelets break down to form thromboplastin. Thromboplastin renders the heparin in the blood inactive or useless.
Wounded tissue ruptures and breakdown of microcirculation + air → thromboplastin
2. In the presence of calcium ions and factors VII, VIII, IX and X, thromboplastin converts the inactive prothrombin of the blood into active thrombin.
Thromboplastin + Ca++ + Prothrombin → Thrombin
3. Activated thrombin converts the blood fibrinogen protein into a fibrin formula.
Thrombin + fibrinogen → fibrin factor
4. The fibrin factor binds together to form a fibrin mesh. Fibrin mesh is a fibrin polymer.
Fibrin factor → fibrin meshwork
5. Red blood cells, white blood cells and blood fluid are trapped in the fibrin mesh. As a result, the blood flow stops and the blood clots. The blood clot appears reddish in color as the red blood cells get stuck.
Fibrin mesh + blood cell entrapment → blood clot
6. The enzyme plasmin breaks down the fibrin mesh as blood vessel remodeling begins. As a result, new tissue is formed. The wound gradually heals.

Red blood cells, white blood cells, blood fluid and other components get stuck in the body wound and blood flow is stopped. This is called blood clotting or blood clotting. The process of blood clotting is called hemostasis.

1. Nutrient transport: Lymph transports amino acids, glucose, fructose, fatty acids, glycerol etc. to cells.
2. Oxygen transport: Lymph transports oxygen to different parts of the body.
3. Carbon dioxide transport: It brings carbon dioxide from different parts of the body to the heart.
4. Food Absorption: It absorbs fatty foods.
5. Vitamin transport: Vitamins are transported through lymph.
6. Immunity: It makes the body immune to diseases by making antibodies.
7. Destruction of germs: If any germs enter the body, the lymph protects the body by eating the germs in the process of phagocytosis.
8. Temperature Balance: Heat balance is regulated throughout the body through the blood.
9. Lipid transport: Lipids are transported through lymph.
10. Defense: Lymph contains lymphocytes and monocytes. Lymphocytes and monocytes contribute to the defense.
11. Lipid transport: Lipids are transported through lymph.
12. Redistribution of fluids: Lymph transports fluid from one part of the body to another. As a result redistribution of body juices occurs.

Lymph, lymph ducts and lymph glands together are called the lymphatic system. Because the lymphatic system circulates fluid throughout the body, it is sometimes called the secondary circulatory system. In 1960 Danish scientists Olus Rudbeck and Thomas Bartholin first described the human lymphatic system. Wuchereria bancrofti worm infestation causes abnormal swelling of lymph ducts and lymph glands. It is called milk disease or filaria or elephantiasis.

Red bone marrow is a spongy, semi-solid and red colored tissue. Red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets are produced from red bone marrow. Most bones in children contain red bone marrow. Adults have red bone marrow in pelvis, vertebrae, sternum, carotid, clavicle, clavicle, perscha, humerus, femur etc.

The pyramidal organ located above the heart between the trachea and sternum is called the thymus. It is soft and bifurcated. Children’s thymuses are large and active. The thymus secretes the hormones thymosin and thymopoietin. Hormones regulate lymphocyte maturation. The thymus gradually turns into fat tissue during puberty. But it disappears with age. White blood cells produced in the red bone marrow reach the thymus and become T-lymphocytes. These are any immune cells that turn into T-effector, T-killer and T-helper cells and recognize viruses and bacteria.