Category: Biology Second Paper Lecture Sheet

Causes of the disease: Polycystic ovary syndrome is a complex disease caused by excess secretion of androgen hormones in young women. POS disease is caused by hormonal imbalance, physical inactivity, consumption of adulterated food, environmental, genetic etc.
Symptoms of the disease: 2-25% of girls in the age group of 12-25 years suffer from this disease. The symptoms of this disease are – Ovarian enlargement, formation of many cysts in the ovary, ovulation or no ovulation, irregular menstrual cycle, excessive menstruation, difficulty in conceiving, pain in the pelvis, many pimples and warts on the face, abnormal hair growth in various parts of the body, obesity, diabetes, Heart disease, uterine cancer, infertility, miscarriage, premature birth, dark spots on the skin etc.
Curability: The disease is not curable. However, weight loss, active lifestyle, regular exercise, walking etc. are helpful in controlling body weight. Anti-androgen drugs (letrozole, clomiphene) and anti-diabetic drugs (metmorphine, linagliptin) can be slightly reduced if prescribed by a doctor.

1. Non-smokers with a body mass index of 22.5-25.0 kg/m2 have a significantly lower risk of death. Those who smoke and have a body mass index of 24.0-27.0 kg/m2 have a higher risk of death.
2. Due to obesity, the average life expectancy of people decreases by 6-7 years. Those with a BMI between 30-35 have a life expectancy of 2-4 years and those with a BMI > 40 have a life expectancy of 10 years.
3. Obesity can lead to coronary heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol and triglycerides.
4. Obesity can lead to malnutrition and complications.
5. Obesity can cause osteoarthritis, infertility, insomnia, cancer etc.
6. An increase in fat levels in the body can cause inflammation. It can cause blood clots.
7. Insulin does not respond properly when body fat increases. As a result, insulin loses its ability to regulate blood sugar.

1. Eating a balanced diet: Eat a moderate amount of balanced food. A balanced diet consists of six components. Eat 5-6 types of vegetables, fruits, nuts and pulses every day.
2. Avoidance of fatty food: High fat food, oil, cheese, butter, fast food and cold drinks should be avoided.
3. Avoid sugary foods: Sweets, sugar, tea, coffee, chocolate, pudding, cake etc. should be avoided. Drink plenty of water instead of sugary drinks and fruit juices.
4. Dietary control: Excessive salt intake should be avoided. Take fiber rich food. Eat brown rice and wheat bread. Avoid white sugar and flour.
5. Regular exercise: Regular physical exercise and physical exertion should be done. Regular walking, cycling and swimming should be done. Regular play-dusting should be done
6. Medications: Obesity can be prevented by taking appetite suppressants or fat malabsorption medications. Drugs like Lorcaserine (Belviq), Orlistat (Xenical), Phentermine (Suprenza) etc. are being used to control obesity.
7. Use of Gastric Balloon: Gastric balloon is used when obesity is not cured by diet, exercise and medication. Using this balloon reduces body weight.
8. Gastrointestinal Hormones: Obesity can be rapidly reduced by using gastrointestinal hormones. This hormone is acting as a magic bullet to eliminate obesity.
9. Proper recreation: Children should be encouraged to play sports in the field, walk in the park, walk on the streets, hang out on sheltered roofs, etc.
10. Simple Living: Living a happy life in a healthy environment, high morale, thinking creatively.
11. Ketogenic Diet: A diet low in carbohydrates and high in fat is called a ketogenic diet. Doctors recommend a ketogenic diet to reduce obesity.
12. Treatment: Gastric bypass surgery, gastric scurvy, laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding etc. can be used to reduce obesity.
13. Bariatric Surgery: Bariatric surgery removes accumulated fat from the body. People with a BMI of 40 kg/m2 or more undergo bariatric surgery.

1. Due to obesity, the average life expectancy of people decreases by 7-8 years. Obesity shortens the average life expectancy by 10 years.
2. In the 21st century, the number of children and elderly people in the rich countries of the modern world has increased alarmingly. In America, 17% of people aged 2-19 and 36.5% of people aged 40-59 are obese.
3. Obesity causes more than 60 chronic diseases in humans. Diseases like heart disease, diabetes type-2, cancer, gout, high blood pressure, stroke, insomnia, liver, cardiovascular, gallbladder problems etc. are caused by obesity.
4. 64% of men and 77% of women with diabetes are obese.
5. Obese people work fewer days. Their work speed is slow.
6. Obesity is responsible for morbidity, disability and early death.
7. Obesity has been identified as one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Between 1.5-3.6 million people in the United States and 1 million in Europe die each year from obesity.

1. Unhealthy eating habits
(i) People become obese if they consume excess fat and calorie rich food.
(ii) Consuming more than normal amount of food leads to obesity.
(iii) Excessive consumption of fast food is responsible for obesity.
(iv) Excessive fluid intake leads to obesity.
(v) Obesity is caused by eating sweet foods (carbohydrates), sugary desserts, drinking alcohol, fast food etc.
2. Life style
(i) Living in luxury and spending idle time.
(ii) Consuming excess outside food.
(iii) Minimizing physical exertion. Not exercising regularly.
(iv) Long hours of watching TV, working on computer and browsing internet.
(v) To engage in non-manual employment. Going by car instead of walking.
3. Genetic factors: obesity tends to run in the same family members. This is also observed in twin siblings. The number of fat cells in the body is high due to obesity. Because genes control the similarity between them. Gene Polymorphism Regulates Human Appetite and Metabolism Increases Obesity. People who carry the FMO (Fat Mass and Obesity Associated) gene are overweight. Again, genetic defects also cause obesity. Mutations in melanoctin and leptin genes cause obesity.
4. Social preferences: In many societies around the world, fatness is considered a matter of nobility and pride. They consider obesity a symbol of good health and happiness. So they want to gain weight by consuming more food. However, modern society does not support this misconception.
5. Effect of smoking: The effect of smoking on obesity is negligible. But those who quit smoking gained an average of 4.40 kg (9.7 lb) for men and 5 kg (11 lb) for women over a 10-year period.
6. Pregnancy: Most women gain 5-6 pounds with each pregnancy. Conceiving at an older age is more likely to gain weight. Many women do not lose that weight after childbirth. As a result obesity increases.
7. Emotions: Depression, hopelessness, anger, boredom, irritability, inferiority complex etc. lead to obesity.
8. Temperature: If the temperature variation of the environment decreases, people can become fat.
9. Gender: Men have more muscles than women. Muscle tissue uses more calories. Therefore, women accumulate more fat and gain weight than men even if they eat the same amount. 64% of men and 77% of women suffer from diabetes due to obesity.
10. Diseases: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, Cushing’s Syndrome, Hypothyroidism, Prader Willi Syndrome etc.
11. Insomnia: Sleeping less than seven hours a night causes hormonal changes. Hunger increases. Body weight increases due to excess food intake.
12. Medications: Certain medications can cause weight gain or changes in body composition. These include insulin, steroids, sulfonylureas, thiazolidinediones, birth control pills.
13. Lack of education: Many are unaware of the harmful effects of obesity. This is happening due to lack of knowledge about balanced diet and good health, lack of understanding about the causes and problems of obesity, overfeeding of children etc.

The formula for measuring human obesity is Body Mass Index-BMI. A person with a BMI of 30 kg/m2 is considered obese. There are three types of obesity.
1. Severe obesity: BMI ≥ 35 or 40 is called severe obesity.
2. Morbid obesity: BMI ≥ 40 or 44.9 is called morbid obesity.
3. Obesity: BMI ≥ 45 or 50 is called super or overweight.

Abnormal accumulation of excess fat in the body is called obesity. A person with 20% or more body fat is considered obese. Consuming more food energy than the body needs leads to obesity. For every 9.30 calories of food consumed, 1.0 grams of fat is stored. The branch of medicine that deals with the causes, symptoms, treatment and prevention of obesity is called Bariatrics.

Body Mass Index is abbreviated as BMI. The value obtained by dividing a person’s weight (kg) by the square of his height (metres) is called BMI. The formula for measuring BMI is:

The process by which absorbed simple food participates in the formation of the body or protoplasm in the organism is called assimilation.
1. Carbohydrate assimilation: Carbohydrates are digested into glucose, fructose and galactose. Glucose, fructose and galactose are absorbed by body cells. Absorbed glucose is burned in the body’s cells to produce energy. Excess glucose is stored as glycogen. Small amounts of monosaccharides are converted to proteins and lipids.
2. Protein assimilation: Protein is digested and converted into amino acids. Amino acids are absorbed by body cells. Absorbed amino acids form protoplasm, cytoplasm, enzymes, hormones etc. Some amino acids are oxidized to produce energy. Small amounts of amino acids are converted to sugars.
3. Lipid assimilation: Lipids are digested and converted into fatty acids and glycerol. Fatty acids and glycerol are absorbed by body cells. Absorbed fatty acids and glycerol form phospholipids, lipoproteins, cholesterol etc. in body cells. Some are stored as fat under the skin as food. A small amount is synthesized as carbohydrates and proteins.

The process in which the semi-solid or soft digested waste of food is expelled from the digestive tract as faeces is called defecation or egestion. Stool-like material is moved from the colon to the rectum by the contraction waves of the colon muscles or the process of peristalsis. A slippery mucous substance secreted from the colon wall acts as a lubricant to facilitate stool passage. When the bladder is full to a certain degree, pressure is created on its walls. It causes defecation reflex and urges to pass stool. Stool enters the anus under the pressure of the rectal wall and pelvic muscles. Stool is expelled through the anus by the peristalsis action of the anus. Two sphincter muscles located in the anus control the passage of stool. Pain, fear, temperature, physical or neurological complications affect the process of defecation.