Category: Biology Second Paper

1. Muscles become weak and wasted.
2. Incoordination in muscles.
3. Eyelids droop.
4. The spine is curved.
5. Joint contracture occurs.
6. Difficulty walking.
7. Breathing problems.
8. Cardiomyopathy and arrhythmia occur in the heart.
9. Muscle spasms occur.
10. Mental abnormalities occur.
11. Baldness on the forehead.
12. Cataracts in the eyes.
13. Genital atrophy.

Muscular dystrophy is a fatal genetic disease. Lack of protein (malnutrition) causes muscles to become weak or useless. There are more than 30 muscular dystrophies. 9 of them are more deadly. Some of the major muscular dystrophy diseases are-

1. Duchenne muscular dystrophy
2. Meiotic dystrophy
3. Limb Girdle Dystrophy
4. Meiotic dystrophy
5. Facio scapula humeral dystrophy

Muscular dystrophy is a fatal genetic disease. Lack of protein (malnutrition) causes muscles to become weak or useless. There are more than 30 muscular dystrophies. 9 of them are more deadly. Some of the major muscular dystrophy diseases are-

1. Duchenne muscular dystrophy
2. Meiotic dystrophy
3. Limb Girdle Dystrophy
4. Meiotic dystrophy
5. Facio scapula humeral dystrophy

 

Symptoms of Muscular Dystrophy

1. Muscles become weak and wasted.
2. Incoordination in muscles.
3. Eyelids droop.
4. The spine is curved.
5. Joint contracture occurs.
6. Difficulty walking.
7. Breathing problems.
8. Cardiomyopathy and arrhythmia occur in the heart.
9. Muscle spasms occur.
10. Mental abnormalities occur.
11. Baldness on the forehead.
12. Cataracts in the eyes.
13. Genital atrophy.

 

Muscular Dystrophy Harmful Effects

1. Abnormalities occur in the heart, digestive system and nervous system
2. Disturbances in the secretion of endocrine glands
3. Complications occur in the eyes and brain
4. Speech and intelligence decrease
5. Decreased vision and mobility
6. The spine bends.

Mating of a hemophilic male (XhY) to a normal female (XHXH) results in a normal son (XHY) and a carrier daughter (XHXh) in the F1 progeny. Intermarriage between F1 progeny resulted in F2 progeny with 1 normal son, 1 hemophilic son, 1 normal daughter and 1 carrier daughter.

Hemophilia causes abnormal bleeding from muscles, digestive tract, urinary tract, teeth, nasal cavity etc. There is no readily available treatment. 75% of hemophilia has no treatment. America has developed some expensive medical treatments through biotechnology.

(1) Fibrinogen, (2) Prothrombin, (3) Thromboplastin, (4) Calcium ion, (5) Labile, (6) Axillarin, (7) Proconvertin, (8) Antihemophilic, (9) Christmas, (10) Stewart , (11) PTA, (12) Hageman and (13) Lecky.

1. Classic Hemophilia or Hemophilia A: Hemophilia A is caused by the absence of the 8th antihemophilic factor in blood clotting. 80% of affected patients have hemophilia A.
2. Christmas Haemophilia or Haemophilia B: Haemophilia B is caused by the absence of Christmas, the 9th clotting factor. 20% of affected patients have hemophilia B.

1. Continuous bleeding from the wound.
2. Blood does not clot.
3. Internal bleeding occurs anywhere in the body.
4. Bleeding into the joints during exercise or running (hemarthrosis).
5. Joints become swollen and painful.
6. Abnormal bleeding occurs from muscles, digestive tract, urinary tract, teeth, nasal cavity etc.

Haemophilia is caused by a latent mutant gene (h) located on the human chromosome. Hemophilia is caused by a deficiency of human blood clotting factors antihemophilic and Christmas.

Hemophilia is a fatal sex-linked disease. The disease is inherited by a recessive gene on the human X chromosome. When erogenous, the wound bleeds continuously and the blood does not clot. Erosion can lead to death. It is called criss-cross disease as the disease is transmitted from father through daughter to grandson.

Hemophilia is called the royal disease. Of the nine children of Queen Victoria of England (1837–1901), two daughters, Alice and Beatrice, were carriers of the hemophilic gene. Of Alice’s two daughters, Tsarina Alexandra was married to Prince Nicholas of Russia and Irene to Prince Heinrich of Germany. Beatrice’s daughter Victoria was given in marriage to King Alfonso of Spain. As a result, the disease spread through the royal family. Hence it is called royal disease. The latent hemophilia gene is inherited from father through daughter to grandson i.e. follows the criss-cross transmission principle.