Category: Biology Second Paper

Bernstein (1925) demonstrated that blood group is controlled by three genes located at the same locus on homologous chromosomes. This condition is called multiple allele. The three alleles are LA, LB and LO. The LA allele carries antigen A and the LB allele carries antigen B.

If A (AO) group man is married to B (BO) group woman, the offspring will have genotype-

AB, A (AO), B (BO), O

Blood ratio of children: A t B t AB t O = 1 : 1 : 1 : 1

At the time of blood collection, the blood group of the donor and the recipient is checked and cross-matched. If not, the dangers that are likely to occur are:

1. Blood cells will clump together and disintegrate.
2. Hemoglobin will be excreted with urine.
3. Accumulation of hemoglobin in kidney will cause uremia and kidney function will be disturbed.
4. There will be outbreaks of jaundice.
5. A patient may die after a variety of procedures.

1. A group consists of antigen A and antibody B.
2. B group consists of antigen B and antibody A.
3. The AB group contains antigens A and B, but no antibodies.
4. Group O has no antigens, but has antibodies A and B.
5. AB group can receive blood from all groups so it is called universal recipiennts.
6. O group can give blood to all groups so it is called universal donor.

In 1901, biologist Karl Landsteiner classified human blood based on the presence or absence of antigens in blood cells called ABO blood groups. There are about 400 types of antigens in the human body. About 30 of them are known. Humans have 21 blood groups based on antigens. ABO blood group is divided into four groups. namely-

1. A group: 23% of blood is A group.
2. B group: 35% of blood is B group.
3. AB Group: 8% of blood is AB group.
4. O group: 34% of blood is O group. (The German word Ohme comes from O meaning zero)

A cure for Duchenne muscular dystrophy has not yet been discovered. According to the Lancet journal, this disease can be cured by gene therapy. Medicines such as mexiletine, baclofen, carbamazepine etc. are used in this disease.

1. Leg and thigh muscles are stiff and swollen
2. Heart and lung problems
3. The spine is curved
4. Bones are deformed
5. Decreased sense of power
6. The patient gradually becomes disabled
7. The patient cannot stand or walk upright
8. The patient is paralysed.
9. Affected individuals lose normal mobility within 10 years and die within 20 years.

DMD is caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene on the human X chromosome. Dystrophin protein is not produced when the dystrophin gene is mutated. In the absence of this protein, the muscles do not become strong. As a result, the patient becomes disabled due to muscle weakness.

DMD stands for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. It is a hereditary disease. Mutations in the dystrophin gene, located on the human X chromosome, cause erog. Ergo is due to malnutrition

Muscles slowly atrophy and wither and eventually the person dies. Erog is named after the French neurologist Guillaume Benjamin Amand Duchenne. DMD affects one in 35,000 newborns in the UK.

DMD stands for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. It is a hereditary disease. Mutations in the dystrophin gene, located on the human X chromosome, cause erog. Ergo is due to malnutrition

Muscles slowly atrophy and wither and eventually the person dies. Erog is named after the French neurologist Guillaume Benjamin Amand Duchenne. DMD affects one in 35,000 newborns in the UK.

 

Causes of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD).

DMD is caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene on the human X chromosome. Dystrophin protein is not produced when the dystrophin gene is mutated. In the absence of this protein, the muscles do not become strong. As a result, the patient becomes disabled due to muscle weakness.

 

Symptoms of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD).

1. Leg and thigh muscles are stiff and swollen
2. Heart and lung problems
3. The spine is curved
4. Bones are deformed
5. Decreased sense of power
6. The patient gradually becomes disabled
7. The patient cannot stand or walk upright
8. The patient is paralysed.
9. Affected individuals lose normal mobility within 10 years and die within 20 years.

 

Cure for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD).

A cure for Duchenne muscular dystrophy has not yet been discovered. According to the Lancet journal, this disease can be cured by gene therapy. Medicines such as mexiletine, baclofen, carbamazepine etc. are used in this disease.

1. Abnormalities occur in the heart, digestive system and nervous system
2. Disturbances in the secretion of endocrine glands
3. Complications occur in the eyes and brain
4. Speech and intelligence decrease
5. Decreased vision and mobility
6. The spine bends.