Category: Biology Second Paper

Natural parthenogenesis is mainly of two types. These are-

1. Haploid parthenogenesis: If the haploid egg produced by meiosis develops into an embryo without fertilization, it is called haploid parthenogenesis. The organisms produced in this process are haploid and sterile. For example – bee, bolata, tobacco, bitter gourd (Solanum nigrum), purple orchid (Orchis maculata) etc.
2. Diploid parthenogenesis: If the diploid egg produced by the process of mitosis develops into an embryo without fertilization, it is called diploid parthenogenesis. The organisms produced in this process are diploid. Such as Parthenium (Parthenium argentatum), Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), Taraxacum (Taraxacum albidum) etc.

Parthenogenesis is formed from the Greek word parthenos meaning virgin or unfertilized and genesis meaning origin. The process by which ovules develop into embryos and ovules into seeds without fertilization is called parthenogenesis. Parthenocarpy is the process of producing seedless fruit with the application of hormones. In 1908, scientist Winkler first observed the process of embryo production without fertilization. Parthenogenesis occurs in plants like lemon, orange etc.

Parthenogenesis is formed from the Greek word parthenos meaning virgin or unfertilized and genesis meaning origin. The process by which ovules develop into embryos and ovules into seeds without fertilization is called parthenogenesis. Parthenocarpy is the process of producing seedless fruit with the application of hormones. In 1908, scientist Winkler first observed the process of embryo production without fertilization. Parthenogenesis occurs in plants like lemon, orange etc.

Natural parthenogenesis is mainly of two types. These are-
1. Haploid parthenogenesis: If the haploid egg produced by meiosis develops into an embryo without fertilization, it is called haploid parthenogenesis. The organisms produced in this process are haploid and sterile. For example – bee, bolata, tobacco, bitter gourd (Solanum nigrum), purple orchid (Orchis maculata) etc.
2. Diploid parthenogenesis: If the diploid egg produced by the process of mitosis develops into an embryo without fertilization, it is called diploid parthenogenesis. The organisms produced in this process are diploid. Such as Parthenium (Parthenium argentatum), Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), Taraxacum (Taraxacum albidum) etc.

1. Organism-produced plants are easily attacked by viruses, bacteria and fungi. As a result, the plant may die.
2. Asexually produced plants do not produce diversity or variation.
3. Organism-produced plants have less adaptability.
4. In this process numerous plants grow in piles and die easily due to lack of food and space.

1. Plants that do not produce seeds reproduce by asexual reproduction. Such as sugarcane, rose, millet, potato, banana etc.
2. Plant quality remains the same as a result of organic reproduction. That is, new features are not created.
3. Plants that take a long time to fruit and seed can be propagated quickly.
4. Any plant can be multiplied quickly.
5. In micropropagation method, offspring plants are created while maintaining the genetic characteristics.
6. Disease-free plants can be produced by organ propagation through tissue culture.
7. The chance of survival of plants produced by organ reproduction is 100% guaranteed.
8. In this process the plant can be sustained for a long time.
9. Transgenic plants can be produced by tissue culture. It is a form of organ reproduction.

Budding or budding from one plant to another plant is called budding. The eyes or buds of plants with the desired yield are carefully cut with a knife and separated. Then the corresponding part of the branch of another plant of the same species is cut. The desired bud is attached to this branch. It is then sealed airtight. Within a few days the branch will bud and produce fruit of the desired quality. Eye grafting is done on fruit trees especially gorse and rose.

Branches of trees with strong stems are selected for Gootee pens. A few cm of bark is removed from the base of the selected branch. The area where the bark is removed is covered with soil, dung and straw and tied tightly. After a few days of regular watering, a local root emerges from that place. A new plant is formed by cutting the branch with the root and planting it in the soil. Plants such as mango, lemon, orange, rose, myrrh, garden vellum, litchi, latkon, safeda, jamrul etc. can be grafted.

The process of creating a new plant by joining one plant part with another plant part is called grafting. The plant part to which it is attached is called a scion. The plant to which the scion is attached is called stock. The stock is planted in a tub. Later the desired sion is attached to the stock. Stock may be low quality plants. But Sion has to be of high quality. Commonly grafted flowers and fruit trees. Plants such as cool, mango, yam, litchi, guava, chapa, magnolia etc. are grafted.

If some parts of the branch adjacent to the soil of the plant are buried under the soil for a few weeks, the asynchronous roots will come out. New plants are then born from this part. Different types of chess pens are – simple chess pen, compound chess pen and moat chess pen. Plants such as chrysanthemum, strawberry, apple, grape, pomegranate, sapeda, jasmine, lemon etc. can be grafted.

Cutting plant branches and planting them in the ground to produce new plants is called branch grafting. There are three types of branches. Clay branch pen, water branch pen and sand branch pen. Rose, sugarcane, jojoba, patabahar, mother, jiga, sajina, orange, apple, croton, henna etc. plants can be grafted.