Category: Biology Second Paper

1. Cutting: Cutting plant branches and planting them in the ground to produce new plants is called branch grafting. There are three types of branches. Clay branch pen, water branch pen and sand branch pen. Rose, sugarcane, jojoba, patabahar, mother, jiga, sajina, orange, apple, croton, henna etc. plants can be grafted.
2. Layering: If some parts of the branch adjacent to the soil of the plant are buried under the soil for a few weeks, the asynchronous roots will come out. New plants are then born from this part. Different types of chess pens are – simple chess pen, compound chess pen and moat chess pen. Plants such as chrysanthemum, strawberry, apple, grape, pomegranate, sapeda, jasmine, lemon etc. can be grafted.
3. Grafting: The process of creating a new plant by joining one plant part with another plant part is called grafting. The plant part to which it is attached is called a scion. The plant to which the scion is attached is called stock. The stock is planted in a tub. Later the desired sion is attached to the stock. Stock may be low quality plants. But Sion has to be of high quality. Commonly grafted flowers and fruit trees. Plants such as cool, mango, yam, litchi, guava, chapa, magnolia etc. are grafted.
4. Gootee: Branches of trees with strong stems are selected for Gootee pens. A few cm of bark is removed from the base of the selected branch. The area where the bark is removed is covered with soil, dung and straw and tied tightly. After a few days of regular watering, a local root emerges from that place. A new plant is formed by cutting the branch with the root and planting it in the soil. Plants such as mango, lemon, orange, rose, myrrh, garden vellum, litchi, latkon, safeda, jamrul etc. can be grafted.
5. Budding: Budding or budding from one plant to another plant is called budding. The eyes or buds of plants with the desired yield are carefully cut with a knife and separated. Then the corresponding part of the branch of another plant of the same species is cut. The desired bud is attached to this branch. It is then sealed airtight. Within a few days the branch will bud and produce fruit of the desired quality. Eye grafting is done on fruit trees especially gorse and rose.
6. Tissue culture: Tissue culture is a modern biotechnology. Micropropagation is the creation of numerous seedlings from very small tissues. Desired number of plants can be increased. Plant seedlings like banana, potato, bell, strawberry, stevia, chrysanthemum, lily, orchid, gladiolus, red leaf etc. are produced through tissue culture technology.

The swollen bud of the plant is called turion. Turion stores food for the future. It remains dormant during the winter and germinates to form a dormant plant in the spring. Aquatic plants reproduce by turion. Eg – Potamogeton, Utricularia etc.

Some plants reproduce by bulbils or corms. For example, potato, tuber, agave etc.

reproduction by sub-aerial stem by runners like kachu, strawberry etc.; By means of banana, mint, pineapple, chrysanthemum, bamboo etc.; Amrul increases the number by stolon and by offsets like Kachuripana, Topapana etc. Increase numbers by semi-aerial stems like Thankuni, Kalamilata, Shushani Shaka, Mentha etc.

A new plant is formed from the leaves of the plant. Night queens reproduce through leaves.

Onion and garlic are propagated by bulbs, ginger, turmeric, sati, bach, olkachu etc. by rhizomes and potato by tubers. New plants arise from the stems of plants like olkachu, sati etc. Again, plants like mint, bamboo, banana, chrysanthemum, pineapple etc. reproduce by a special type of stem called saka.

Plants like potal, dahlia, kankrol, shatamuli, sweet potato, ranga potato etc. reproduce by roots.

(i) Fragmentation: Spirogyra, Oscillatoria, Oedogonium, Ulothrix etc. reproduce by fragmentation.

(ii) By roots: Plants like potal, dahlia, kankrol, shatamuli, sweet potato, ranga potato etc. reproduce by roots.

(iii) By stem: Onion and garlic are propagated by bulbs, ginger, turmeric, sati, bach, olkachu etc. by rhizomes and potato by tubers. New plants arise from the stems of plants like olkachu, sati etc. Again, plants like mint, bamboo, banana, chrysanthemum, pineapple etc. reproduce by a special type of stem called saka.

(iv) By leaf: A new plant is formed from the leaves of the plant. Night queens reproduce through leaves.

(v) Budding: A single-celled fungus called yeast grows by forming buds.

(vi) By bulbil: Some plants reproduce by bulbils or corms. For example, potato, tuber, agave etc.

(vii) By sub-aerial stem: by runners like kachu, strawberry etc.; By means of banana, mint, pineapple, chrysanthemum, bamboo etc.; Amrul increases the number by stolon and by offsets like Kachuripana, Topapana etc. Increase numbers by semi-aerial stems like Thankuni, Kalamilata, Shushani Shaka, Mentha etc.

(viii) By stem: New plant arises from the stem of Fanimana.

(ix) By tiurian: The swollen bud of the plant is called turion. Turion stores food for the future. It remains dormant during the winter and germinates to form a dormant plant in the spring. Aquatic plants reproduce by turion. Eg – Potamogeton, Utricularia etc.

(x) Underground Stems: Plants like ginger, turmeric, onion, potato etc. multiply by underground stems.

(xi) By aerial stem: Plants like tuber, sugarcane, sweet potato etc. propagate by aerial stem.

Lower plants produce spores. Spores germinate in a suitable environment to form new plants. Algae, fungi, bryophyta and pteridophyta reproduce by spores. Penicillium produces conidia, Mucor gonidia and Agaricus produce basidiospores. Algae reproduce by zoospores, aplanospores, resting spores, acinetes etc. Ferns and Lycopodia produce homospores and Selaginella and sedum produce heterospores.

1. Only organisms can reproduce through asexual reproduction.
2. Asexual reproduction is accomplished by any part or spore of an organism.
3. Mitosis cell division occurs in the process of asexual reproduction. But meiosis does not occur.
4. Gametes or fertilization are absent in this process.
5. Asexual reproduction does not alternate between haploid and diploid states.
6. Offspring have the characteristics of the parent. This is called a clone.
7. New traits are not formed because meiosis and crossing over do not occur.
8. Breeding occurs at a rapid rate in a short period of time.
9. Asexual reproduction occurs in plants only under favorable conditions.
10. Asexually produced organisms are unable to adapt to the environment. That is, unable to adapt.

Plant reproduction without the union of sperm and egg is called asexual reproduction. Neem plants reproduce asexually by spores and herbaceous plants by body parts. Asexual reproduction occurs by roots, stems and leaves of plants.