Category: Biology Second Paper

Any type of (oral, vaginal, anal) intercourse between men and women. Infants born to infected mothers. Drinking milk from an infected mother. If you take the blood of an infected person. If using contaminated syringes. If the same blade or razor is used by different people. Through dental treatment or surgery. Dr. Siddiq Publications

The virus that causes the deadly AIDS disease is HIV. It destroys human white blood cells. The body’s immune system is reduced or destroyed. In Bangladesh, the number of AIDS patients and the number of deaths are increasing.

The virus that causes the deadly AIDS disease is HIV. It destroys human white blood cells. The body’s immune system is reduced or destroyed. In Bangladesh, the number of AIDS patients and the number of deaths are increasing.

Ways of HIV transmission
Any type of (oral, vaginal, anal) intercourse between men and women. Infants born to infected mothers. Drinking milk from an infected mother. If you take the blood of an infected person. If using contaminated syringes. If the same blade or razor is used by different people. Through dental treatment or surgery. Dr. Siddiq Publications

Symptoms of AIDS
(i) Fever, headache and fatigue.
(ii) There is dry phlegm. Pneumonia occurs and wheezing occurs.
(iii) Lymph nodes become swollen and become lymphoma cancer.
(iv) Abdominal pain and loss of appetite.
(v) Arthritis causes severe pain and burning.
(vi) Karposi sarcoma cancer (brown spot) occurs on skin and face.
(vii) Troxoplasmosis occurs in brain and thinking power is reduced. Memory and vision decline.
(viii) Limbs are deformed. Body weight decreases. The body becomes weak.
(ix) Immunity is lost and the patient dies.

AIDS diagnosis
Antibody Test, Western Blot Test etc. Blood T-helper cells or CD-4 cells are tested. (The normal range of CD-4 cells is 500-1,500 cells/mm3). Dr. Abu Bakr Siddique
What to do to prevent HIV
(i) To follow social and religious norms.
(ii) Associate with a trusted partner.
(iii) Condom should be used during intercourse.
(iv) Avoid taking intravenous drugs.
(v) The same syringe should not be used repeatedly.
(vi) Blood should be tested for virus free before collection.
(vii) Not using the same blade more than once in the salon.
(viii) Treat the diseased person.
(ix) Sex workers should be made aware of safe sex.
(x) People should be made aware.

Treatment of AIDS
No cure for AIDS has been discovered till date. Treatment of AIDS with drugs is called anti-retroviral therapy or ART. In the treatment of AIDS, the Food and Drug Administration-FDA (USA) recommends taking two groups of drugs together. This type of treatment is known as Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy-HAART. The first group of drugs are Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors which delay its transmission. The second group of drugs is Protease inhibitors which block the replication of HIV. Some of the approved drugs are Fusion Inhibitors, Entry Inhibitors, Integrase Inhibitors, Pharmacokinetic Enhancers etc.

An additional dose given to enhance the efficacy of a primary vaccine against a particular disease is called a booster dose. The first booster dose is given 5 months after the primary vaccination. The Covid-19 vaccine booster should be taken 12 years after the primary vaccination.

No effective medicine has been established in the treatment of Corona. Avigan (Japan), Remdesivir (US), Interferon alfa 2-B (Cuba), Favipiravir (Russia), Coronavac (China), Faiza-Biontech (US and Germany), Mordana (US), Sputnik V (Russia), CoviShield (UK), Johnson & Johnson (America, Belgium, Netherlands), Sinopharm (China), Covaxin (India), Novavax (America, Norway, India), Corbevax (India, America) etc. are showing hope. Dexamethasone is showing promising results in malignant epilepsy. Dr. Siddiq Publications

Viruses are non-cellular organisms so they never die. Prevention is the only good measure.
(i) Keeping away from patient and suspect.
(ii) Avoiding public gatherings. Stay away from gatherings and markets.
(iii) Not touching nose, mouth and eyes with unclean hands.
(iv) Not to shake hands and cuddle with anyone.
(v) Not using public transport and lifts.
(vi) Avoiding contact with animals.
(vii) Staying 3 feet away from a sick or suspected person (according to many, tiny water drops can travel up to 40 feet).
(viii) Using a good mask on nails and face reduces the chances of getting sick.
(ix) Washing unclean hands thoroughly with soap.
(x) The sick person should be kept in isolation.
(xi) Forceful exhalation of air or breath through nose and mouth.
(xii) Avoiding overcooked and undercooked foods such as fish, meat and eggs.
(xiii) Eating fruits rich in Vitamin-C. Like orange, lemon, musambi, malta etc.
(xiv) Corona patients should be kept in isolation or home quarantine.
(xv) Drink bottled water to prevent dehydration.
(xvi) Taking novel corona vaccine.
(xvii) Disease progression can be prevented with antiviral drugs. Interferon is an antiviral drug. Many plants have antiviral properties. Interferon can inactivate the virus.

(i) It enters the healthy body through water drop released when the patient sneezes, coughs, spits and talks.
(ii) Viruses can enter the body through airborne dust particles. Dr. Siddiq Publications
(iii) can penetrate other bodies through droplets adhering to an object.
(iv) The virus can enter the nose, mouth and eyes by touching the affected area.
(v) There is possibility of infection from clothes and objects used by the affected person.

Symptoms of the disease appear within 2-14 days after being infected with the corona virus. However, most of the infected bodies show symptoms within 5-7 days. In many cases, the body of an infected person does not show symptoms of the disease. Such a person is called asymptomatic. Unsusceptible individuals infect others in a variety of ways.

1. Early symptoms
(i) Symptoms of this disease begin with fever.
(ii) Dry cough occurs.
(iii) Shortness of breath. Shortness of breath is the main symptom of this disease.
(iv) Cold, sore throat, headache etc.
(v) Muscle aches.
(vi) Thin bowels and weak body.
(vii) Skin rashes and discoloration of feet.
(viii) Eye redness or eye burning.
(ix) Chest pain.
(x) Blood clots in pulmonary arteries.
2. Severe stage symptoms
(i) Shortness of breath is aggravated.
(ii) Constant pain and pressure are felt in the chest.
(iii) The patient is unable to rise, walk or stand.
(iv) Disorientation of the patient.
(v) Skin, nails and lips become pale, gray or blue.
(vi) Patient may develop pneumonia.
(vii) The patient may die.

Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction or RT-PCR test is better. If the test is positive, the virus must be infected. If it is negative, the virus is not infected. However, if the nasopharyngeal swab sample is not taken correctly, the test may be negative. Corona positive if pneumonia is confirmed in chest x-ray test.