Category: Biology Second Paper

The word Covid is made up of Co = Corona, Vi = Virus and D = Disease. Latin word corona means crown like or crown. Corona virus or Covid-19 is a large crown-like virus particle of the family Coronaviridae with a bilayer lipid envelope. Covid-19 is the deadliest virus in the world. It is the number one planet in the world today. The novel corona is the second RNA virus. It is a circular, non-segmented and single-stranded RNA virus of 27-32 Kb in size. The World Health Organization declared Covid-19 as a Pandemic on March 11, 2020.

The word Covid is made up of Co = Corona, Vi = Virus and D = Disease. Latin word corona means crown like or crown. Corona virus or Covid-19 is a large crown-like virus particle of the family Coronaviridae with a bilayer lipid envelope. Covid-19 is the deadliest virus in the world. It is the number one planet in the world today. The novel corona is the second RNA virus. It is a circular, non-segmented and single-stranded RNA virus of 27-32 Kb in size. The World Health Organization declared Covid-19 as a Pandemic on March 11, 2020.

Corona disease infection test
Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction or RT-PCR test is better. If the test is positive, the virus must be infected. If it is negative, the virus is not infected. However, if the nasopharyngeal swab sample is not taken correctly, the test may be negative. Corona positive if pneumonia is confirmed in chest x-ray test.

Symptoms of the novel coronavirus
1. Early symptoms
(i) Symptoms of this disease begin with fever.
(ii) Dry cough occurs.
(iii) Shortness of breath. Shortness of breath is the main symptom of this disease.
(iv) Cold, sore throat, headache etc.
(v) Muscle aches.
(vi) Thin bowels and weak body.
(vii) Skin rashes and discoloration of feet.
(viii) Eye redness or eye burning.
(ix) Chest pain.
(x) Blood clots in pulmonary arteries.
2. Severe stage symptoms
(i) Shortness of breath is aggravated.
(ii) Constant pain and pressure are felt in the chest.
(iii) The patient is unable to rise, walk or stand.
(iv) Disorientation of the patient.
(v) Skin, nails and lips become pale, gray or blue.
(vi) Patient may develop pneumonia.
(vii) The patient may die.

Duration of disease
Symptoms of the disease appear within 2-14 days after being infected with the corona virus. However, most of the infected bodies show symptoms within 5-7 days. In many cases, the body of an infected person does not show symptoms of the disease. Such a person is called asymptomatic. Unsusceptible individuals infect others in a variety of ways.
How to get infected with corona
(i) It enters the healthy body through water drop released when the patient sneezes, coughs, spits and talks.
(ii) Viruses can enter the body through airborne dust particles. Dr. Siddiq Publications
(iii) can penetrate other bodies through droplets adhering to an object.
(iv) The virus can enter the nose, mouth and eyes by touching the affected area.
(v) There is possibility of infection from clothes and objects used by the affected person.

Prevention of novel corona virus
Viruses are non-cellular organisms so they never die. Prevention is the only good measure.
(i) Keeping away from patient and suspect.
(ii) Avoiding public gatherings. Stay away from gatherings and markets.
(iii) Not touching nose, mouth and eyes with unclean hands.
(iv) Not to shake hands and cuddle with anyone.
(v) Not using public transport and lifts.
(vi) Avoiding contact with animals.
(vii) Staying 3 feet away from a sick or suspected person (according to many, tiny water drops can travel up to 40 feet).
(viii) Using a good mask on nails and face reduces the chances of getting sick.
(ix) Washing unclean hands thoroughly with soap.
(x) The sick person should be kept in isolation.
(xi) Forceful exhalation of air or breath through nose and mouth.
(xii) Avoiding overcooked and undercooked foods such as fish, meat and eggs.
(xiii) Eating fruits rich in Vitamin-C. Like orange, lemon, musambi, malta etc.
(xiv) Corona patients should be kept in isolation or home quarantine.
(xv) Drink bottled water to prevent dehydration.
(xvi) Taking novel corona vaccine.
(xvii) Disease progression can be prevented with antiviral drugs. Interferon is an antiviral drug. Many plants have antiviral properties. Interferon can inactivate the virus.
Corona treatment
No effective medicine has been established in the treatment of Corona. Avigan (Japan), Remdesivir (US), Interferon alfa 2-B (Cuba), Favipiravir (Russia), Coronavac (China), Faiza-Biontech (US and Germany), Mordana (US), Sputnik V (Russia), CoviShield (UK), Johnson & Johnson (America, Belgium, Netherlands), Sinopharm (China), Covaxin (India), Novavax (America, Norway, India), Corbevax (India, America) etc. are showing hope. Dexamethasone is showing promising results in malignant epilepsy. Dr. Siddiq Publications

Covid-19 vaccine booster
An additional dose given to enhance the efficacy of a primary vaccine against a particular disease is called a booster dose. The first booster dose is given 5 months after the primary vaccination. The Covid-19 vaccine booster should be taken 12 years after the primary vaccination.

1. Caution must be exercised while consuming food and drink.
2. Hepatitis B and C must be tested for before giving or receiving blood.
3. Avoid close contact with the patient.
4. Using separate blades when shaving at the salon. It is better not to save in the salon.
5. Keep syringes and ingestion equipment sterile. Always use disposable syringes. Dr. Siddiq Publications
6. Avoid using patient razors, toothbrushes, nail clippers, skin pricks and blood collection equipment.
7. Keep skin cuts and wounds clean and cover with water proof bandages.
8. Do not have sex with an infected person.
9. Creating public awareness in public and private ways.
10. Taking the pentavalent vaccine is the only way to prevent it. Hepatitis-B vaccine dose is 4. The first 3 should be taken one month apart and the fourth should be taken one year after the first dose. A booster dose should be taken after five years. Dr. Siddiq Publications

The only way to prevent jaundice is to receive the pentavalent vaccine.
1. Hepatitis-A patients do not need any specific treatment. The disease gets better spontaneously. Hepatitis-A can be prevented with vaccination. Hepatitis-A vaccine is Havrix, Avaxim, BIOVAC-A etc. Dr. Siddiq Publications
2. A patient with hepatitis-B needs rest. The patient should be given a diet high in protein and carbohydrates. It regenerates the damaged liver cells. Chronic patients are given drugs and interferon injections. Hepatitis-B can be prevented with vaccination. Hepatitis-B vaccines are Recombivax-HB, Engerix-B, Elovac-B, Genevac-B, Shanvac-B etc. All these vaccines are administered intramuscularly.
3. So far no vaccine has been discovered for hepatitis-C. Some of the drugs effective against this virus are Pegasis, Interferon, Lamivumin, Edifovir etc.
4. Hepatitis patients should be kept at complete rest for 10-12 days and if necessary medicines like Amoxycillin, Metronidazole etc. can be given. Dr. Siddiq Publications
5. Liver transplantation is done when the liver becomes too weak or dysfunctional. Liver transplantation is being done successfully in America, Europe, China, Japan, India, Thailand, Singapore etc. Liver transplant will start soon in Bangladesh.

1. The patient should drink water frequently.
2. Glucose syrup should be eaten.
3. Blood donation should be carefully checked.
4. Moderate rest should be taken and physical exertion should be avoided.
5. Fruit juice, canned water and sugarcane juice should be consumed.
6. Eat small fish and chicken broth.
7. Papaya, potal and bitter gourd curry should be eaten.
8. Aharhar and ground amla leaf juice should be drunk.
9. Drugs, hypnotics, oily and fatty foods should be completely avoided.
10. Avoid drinking stale and open food and unboiled water.
11. The patient should be kept on complete rest for 10-12 days.
12. Sexual intercourse with the patient should be avoided.
13. Consult a doctor.

1. Fatigue, malaise, and mild fatigue.
2. The liver, spleen and lymph nodes become enlarged.
3. A feeling of pressure or pain under the right rib.
4. Cirrhosis occurs in the liver. Can cause liver cancer.
5. The level of bilirubin in the blood increases.
6. Body skin, face, eyes, mucous membranes and sputum are yellow in color.
7. Urine color is dark yellow or like mustard oil.
8. The stool is whitish or gray in color.
9. Nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite and food aversions.
10. Headache, muscle pain and bone pain.
11. Neurological weakness occurs. Skin rash.
12. Water accumulates in the stomach and legs.
13. The patient’s body is emaciated, hands and feet are hot, and the eyes burn.

Jaundice and fatigue symptoms can diagnose hepatitis. HBsAg surface antigen (HBsAg) is tested in blood to diagnose hepatitis-B. HBs antigen appears in the blood 6-12 weeks after infection. A blood test is done to diagnose Hepatitis-C. Anti-HCV is seen in the blood within 8-9 weeks of hepatitis-C infection. HCV RNA test is done if the blood is Anti-HCV positive. A positive HCV RNA test will diagnose hepatitis-C. Liver biopsy is sometimes required.

Infants can be infected through breast milk from infected mothers. The virus can enter the body of a healthy person through the ingestion syringe used by an infected person. The virus can be transmitted through unprotected sex. Hepatitis can be caused by the destruction of liver cells by the patient’s own immune system. This is called autoimmune hepatitis. Inborn errors of metabolism cause Willsom’s disease (deficiency in copper metabolism) and hemochromatosis (deficiency in iron metabolism) leading to hepatitis. Hepatitis can be caused by acute bacterial, fungal and amoebic infections. Excess paracetamol, halothane and alcohol consumption can cause hepatitis.

Infection with five types of virus causes hepatitis or jaundice. The viruses are Hepatitis-A virus (HVA), Hepatitis-B virus (HVB), Hepatitis-C virus (HVC), Hepatitis-D virus (HVD) and Hepatitis-E virus (HVE). Among them, hepatitis-B virus (HVB) and hepatitis-C virus (HVC) are the most deadly. The hepatitis-C virus is called scabies. Dr. Siddiq Publications
Besides, mitomegalo virus, Epstein-Barr virus, herpes simplex virus, herpes zoster virus etc. can cause hepatitis in children.

Hepatitis-E virus is an RNA virus. Its size is 27 nm. Hepatitis-E virus is spread through patient’s excreta, contaminated water and food. Headache, loss of appetite, weakness, skin discoloration etc. are seen in the diseased person. The incubation period of this virus is 21-56 days. This disease is cured without treatment.