Category: Biology Second Paper

The process of producing seedlings from mature or immature embryos in tissue culture is called embryo culture. Embryo culture is used to break seed dormancy or to produce fertile plants. Papaya, brinjal and bell seedlings have been produced in this method.

The tissue culture process in which embryos and seedlings are produced from plant somatic cells is called somatic embryogenesis. In 1958 American plant scientist F. C. Steward and his colleagues discovered the somatic embryogenesis method and produced carrot seedlings using this method.

Micropropagation is the production of more seedlings in a short time keeping the maternal qualities intact. Micropropagation is done in plants that do not produce seeds or organs. Flowers by micropropagation – Lilium, Tulipa, Anthurium; Vegetables and spices – Allium, Apium, Brassica; Fruits and Nuts- Aegle, Ananus, Carica; Forest trees – Albizzia, Dalbergia, Pinus etc. have been established. In 1958 F. C. Steward discovered micropropagation.

The tissue at the tip of the plant tip is called the meristem. The meristem is always sterile. Germ-free new seedlings are created by meristem culture through tissue culture technology. These germ-free plants do not get diseased. No need to apply pesticides and fungicides to plants. As a result, production costs are reduced and environmental pollution is prevented. In 1952, Morrell and Martin were the first to produce germ-free seedlings by culturing dahlia plant meristems. Currently, pineapple and tomato seedlings have been produced using this method.

Plants that are endangered can be saved from extinction. New seedlings are created from any part of these plants and are being sustained in the world. As a result, there is no possibility of these plants disappearing from the earth. For example – Psilotum.

(i) Tissue culture process involves the production of new plants from plant parts like roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, pollinators etc.
(ii) Tissue culture process produces more seedlings in a shorter time in any season.
(iii) Producing seedlings of extinct plants and plants which do not produce seeds by tissue culture process.
(iv) This process can produce seedlings commercially at low cost. Produced seedlings are being delivered to different parts of the country.

Haploid plants are produced by pollen culture. Adaptation, yield, maturity, disease resistance etc. are improved in haploid plants. Haploid plants such as rice Tangfeng-1, Huabe-702, wheat Jinakhua-1, Longhua-1, tobacco F-211, Tangyu-1, Tangyu-2, Tangyu-3 etc.

1. Setting up a laboratory is expensive.
2. Necessary machinery and chemicals are scarce.
3. Lack of skilled and educated manpower.
4. Plant tissue in the laboratory may be infected by pathogens.
5. Non-sale of produced seedlings.
6. Infected seedlings due to lack of proper maintenance.
7. No new variation is created.
8. Transplantation is difficult as the produced seedlings are small.
9. The value of seedlings produced in the first stage is very high.
10. Delayed fruiting.

1. Seedlings can be produced from any plant tissue.
2. Maternal qualities remain intact.
3. More seedlings can be produced in less time.
4. Plants that do not produce seeds can be propagated.
5. Endangered plants can be saved from extinction.
6. Seedlings can be produced in any season.
7. Cultivars adapted to the native climate can be developed from foreign cultivars.
8. Seedlings can be produced commercially at low cost.
9. Virus free seedlings are produced.
10. Seeds are easy to collect and store.
11. Seedling production of disabled plants in organs and cuttings.

1. Seedlings can be produced from any plant tissue.
2. Maternal qualities remain intact.
3. More seedlings can be produced in less time.
4. Plants that do not produce seeds can be propagated.
5. Endangered plants can be saved from extinction.
6. Seedlings can be produced in any season.
7. Cultivars adapted to the native climate can be developed from foreign cultivars.
8. Seedlings can be produced commercially at low cost.
9. Virus free seedlings are produced.
10. Seeds are easy to collect and store.
11. Seedling production of disabled plants in organs and cuttings.