Category: Biology Second Paper

(i) Production of seedlings of various types of medicinal plants through tissue culture technology. When these plants are mature, they are used as raw material for making medicine.

(ii) Increasing the production of medicinal vegetables through tissue culture technology. These vegetables are being used as an alternative to medicine.

(iii) Insect resistant plants, herbicide resistant plants, disease resistant varieties, pesticide resistant plants etc. have been created through semiclonal variation in tissue culture technology. Pesticides are not applied in the cultivation of these plants. As a result, the environment is free from pollution. It has less chance of causing disease in the animal body.

(iv) Recombinant DNA technology is used to create desired genomes by introducing desired genes from micro-organisms, plants or animals into cultured embryos or cells. Complete transgenic plants are created from these embryos or cells in tissue culture technology. In this process, plants of improved nutritional quality such as golden rice, potato, soybean, tomato, cotton, tobacco etc. have been created. These plant ingredients are good for health.

(i) Somoclonal variation through tissue culture technique is used to produce numerous new varieties of plants in a very short time by selecting superior and superior clones. Disease resistant varieties, pesticide resistant plants, drought resistant plants etc. have been created through semiclonal variation. AdhI is an improved variety of wheat produced through semiclonal variation.

(ii) New hybrid plants or cybrids are created by mating the protoplasts of two plants with different characteristics in the process of cybridization through tissue culture technology. Cybrids contain a combination of heterozygous mitochondria and chloroplasts with advanced characteristics. Cybrids have been created in plants like potato, tomato, petunia, lemon, tobacco etc. Pomato cybrid plants have been created by mating protoplasts of potato and tomato plants.

(iii) Recombinant DNA technology is used to create desired genomes by introducing desired genes from micro-organisms, plants or animals into cultured embryos or cells. In tissue culture technology, full-fledged transgenic plants are created from these embryos or cells. In this process, insect resistant plants, herbicide resistant plants, high nutritional quality plants (golden rice, potato, soybean, tomato, cotton, tobacco) etc. have been created.

(i) Tissue culture process involves the production of new plants from plant parts like roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, pollinators etc. Agricultural development is done by producing new seedlings from any part of the crop plant. It fulfills the food requirement.
(ii) Plantation of fruit plants by tissue culture process. Fruit production is increased by planting these seedlings. Fruits are used as food. Excess fruit is sold.
(iii) Produce and sell seedlings of fruit plants by tissue culture process. As a result employment is created.
(iv) In this process a large quantity of flower seedlings are produced and sold in a short period of time. As a result, you can benefit economically.
(v) Seeds are produced in crop plants by tissue culture process. The economy of the country can be developed by selling these seeds.
(vi) In this process agricultural production is increased by producing seedlings in any season. This increases the country’s crop production.
(vii) Seedlings can be produced commercially at low cost by tissue culture process. Produced seedlings are being delivered to different parts of the country. As a result, new horizons of agriculture are unfolding.
(viii) Virus free seedlings are produced by tissue culture process. Virus-free seedlings do not become diseased. So there is no need to spray pesticides and fungicides on agricultural land. It reduces the cost of production and reduces environmental pollution.
(ix) Oil palm tissue culture in Malaysia. The country earns foreign exchange by selling palm oil. Flowers are produced by tissue culture of various types of orchids in Thailand and export of flowers earns foreign exchange.

(i) Creating somaclonal variation through tissue culture technology by selecting superior and superior clones to produce numerous new plant varieties in a very short period of time. Disease resistant varieties, pesticide resistant plants, drought resistant plants etc. have been created through somaclonal variation. AdhI is an improved variety of wheat produced through somaclonal variation.

(ii) New hybrid plants or cybrids are created by mating the protoplasts of two plants with different characteristics in the process of hybridization through tissue culture technology. Cybrids contain a combination of heterozygous mitochondria and chloroplasts with advanced characteristics. Cybrids have been created in plants like potato, tomato, petunia, lemon, tobacco etc. Pomato cybrid plants have been created by mating protoplasts of potato and tomato plants. They are a breed with superior traits.

(iii) Recombinant DNA technology creates the desired genome by introducing desired genes from micro-organisms, plants or animals into cultured embryos or cells. Complete transgenic plants are created from these embryos or cells in tissue culture technology. In this process, insect resistant plants, herbicide resistant plants, high nutritional quality plants (golden rice, potato, soybean, tomato, cotton, tobacco) etc. have been created.

(iv) In the process of tissue culture, new seedlings are created from the dividing tissue of the plant. The dividing tissue is sterile. It is not infected by viruses. Seedlings produced by the tissue culture process are virus free, disease resistant and pesticide resistant. So there is no need to spray pesticides and fungicides on agricultural land.

(i) Tissue culture process produces new seedlings from plant parts like roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, pollinators etc.
(ii) In this process the plant body cells are multiplied by producing flower and fruit seedlings with maternal quality.
(iii) Plants that do not produce seeds are propagated by producing seedlings from their organs.
(iv) Plants which are on the verge of extinction are being saved from extinction by producing new seedlings from any part of them.
(v) In interspecies hybridization complete hybrid plants are produced by embryo culture and embryo development.
(vi) New plants can be formed by separating the embryonic tissue from the pollinated ovules. At present research is going on with plants like Cucumis melo, Aegle marmelos, Liffa cylindrica etc.

Embryo recovery is the process of extracting embryos from fertilized ovules before abortion resulting from crosses of inter-species and inter-species plants to produce strong hybrid seedlings. Hybridization of two different species results in sterile plants. A sterile plant dies when embryos develop. Therefore, embryos can be rescued from such hybrid plants and kept alive through culture. For example-

Jute- Corchorus olitorius×C. capsularis

Tomato- Lycopersicon×L. lycopersicum

Wheat- Triticum aestivum × Hordeum vulgare

Rice- Oryza sativa×Oryza officinalis

Bean- Phaseolus vulgaris×P. angustissimus

A variety or variety produced from a plant cell or tissue is called somaclonal variation or somaclonal variation. Clonal variation arising from vegetative gametes is called gametoclonal variation. In tissue culture technology, superior and superior clones are selected by creating somaclonal variation. Numerous new cultivars were then created from the clones. Somaclonal variation has led to the creation of economically important plant cultivars, disease resistant varieties, pesticide resistant plants, drought resistant plants and herbicide resistant plants. Improved varieties of wheat produced through semiclonal variation are AdhI.

The process of producing haploid plants from stamens in tissue culture is called anther culture. This method produces androgenic haploid seedlings and homozygous breeding lines. For example, Guan rice-18 and Xinghua wheat-1.

In-vitro selection is the process of creating stress tolerant plants by applying specific stresses to a plant under cultivation conditions. In this process plants or cells with a specific stress tolerant trait are selected and multiplied. Virus resistant potato, rice, wheat, banana etc. have been developed by this method.