Category: Biology Second Paper

Hamstring muscles and gastrocnemius muscles are required to bend the knee joint backwards. The hamstring muscle consists of three muscles. biceps femoris, semimembranosus and semitendinosus. These muscles arise from the ischium of the pelvis and attach to the tibia. Their contraction brings the femur and tibia closer together and creates a fold in the knee joint.

Muscles and bones are connected to each other by tendons. Therefore the movement of any organ depends on the rhythmic activity of the musculoskeletal system. Bone and muscle coordination in the knee joint is described below.

1. Flexor Muscles: Hamstring muscles and gastrocnemius muscles are required to bend the knee joint backwards. The hamstring muscle consists of three muscles. biceps femoris, semimembranosus and semitendinosus. These muscles arise from the ischium of the pelvis and attach to the tibia. Their contraction brings the femur and tibia closer together and creates a fold in the knee joint.
2. Extensor Muscles: The gastrocnemius muscle is the main muscle of the ball of the foot or ankle. It arises from the condyle of the femur and is attached to the calcaneus or ankle bone by the Achilles tendon. Their contraction brings the femur and tibia closer together and the knee joint bends backwards.

The intermittent contraction of a muscle in normal or resting state is called muscle tension or tonicity. Muscles are attached to bones by tendons. Each organ requires two types of muscles to move. These two muscles together are called antagonistic muscles. During limb movement, one muscle contracts and the other muscle stretches. That is, when one muscle is shortened, the opposite muscle is lengthened. Two types of muscles are attached to the humerus of the arm. Biceps muscle and triceps muscle. The biceps muscle contracts and the triceps muscle stretches when the arms are raised. At this time, no shock is felt in the muscles. Again, the biceps muscle is stretched and the triceps muscle is contracted as the arm is lowered. At this time, the muscles do not feel any pressure. Only the muscles are tense.

Muscle contains actin and myosin proteins. These proteins extend from one end of the muscle to the other and can stretch the muscle. This means that the muscles are only stretched, but not pushed.

 The characteristic of muscle tension or contraction is called muscle tension or tonicity. There are two types of muscle tension.

1. High muscle tension: When the muscles are tensed in excess of the normal resting state, it is called high muscle tension.
2. Low muscle tension: Less muscle tension than required in normal resting state is called low muscle tension.

1. Rotator Muscle: The muscle that rotates any part of the body around or right-left is called rotator muscle. Rotation is the process of turning a part of the rotator cuff around or left and right. For example, the pronator muscle causes lateral rotation and the supinator muscle causes lateral rotation. The piriformis muscle helps rotate the femur.
2. Protractor Muscle: A muscle that extends a body part forward is called a protractor muscle.

1. Adductor muscle: The muscle that pulls a part of the body closer is called adductor muscle. The process of pulling an adductor muscle to a limb is called adduction. For example, the latissimus muscle pulls an organ closer.
2. Abductor muscle: The muscle that moves a part of the body away is called abductor muscle. Abduction is the movement of a part of the abductor muscle away. For example, the deltoid muscle moves an organ away.

1. Flexor Muscles: Muscles that contract or bend a limb are called flexor muscles. The process of bending or contracting a part of a flexor muscle is called flexion. For example, the biceps muscle bends the elbows or fingers
2. Extensor Muscles: Muscles that extend or spread a limb are called extensor muscles. The process of extending or spreading a part of the extensor muscle is called extension. For example, the triceps muscle extends the forearm.

Role of bones and muscles in locomotion

Not only the muscles but also the role of the skeletal system is very important in human movement. Muscles and bones work together to aid in movement. The role of muscles in locomotion is mentioned below.

1. Flexor Muscles: Muscles that contract or bend a limb are called flexor muscles. The process of bending or contracting a part of a flexor muscle is called flexion. For example, the biceps muscle bends the elbows or fingers
2. Extensor Muscles: Muscles that extend or spread a limb are called extensor muscles. The process of extending or spreading a part of the extensor muscle is called extension. For example, the triceps muscle extends the forearm.
3. Adductor muscle: The muscle that pulls a part of the body closer is called adductor muscle. The process of pulling an adductor muscle to a limb is called adduction. For example, the latissimus muscle pulls an organ closer.
4. Abductor muscle: The muscle that moves a part of the body away is called abductor muscle. Abduction is the movement of a part of the abductor muscle away. For example, the deltoid muscle moves an organ away.
5. Depressor Muscle: The muscle which lowers any part of the body is called depressor muscle. The process by which the depressor muscle moves down a limb is called depression. For example, the mandibula muscle lowers the jaw.
6. Protractor Muscle: A muscle that extends a body part forward is called a protractor muscle.
7. Retractor Muscles: Muscles that extend a body part backwards are called retractor muscles.

 

 Glucose is produced by breaking down glycogen stored in cells. Glucose is used in all respiration and produces ATP. ATP provides energy for muscle contraction.

 Glucose is produced by breaking down glycogen stored in cells. Glucose is used in all respiration and produces ATP. ATP provides energy for muscle contraction.