(i) In case of viral infection in the heart.
(ii) If inflammation occurs in the muscular layer of the heart.
(iii) Heart failure may occur due to genetic reasons.
(iv) Drugs like methylphenidate, tricyclic antidepressants, antipsychotics, dopamine agonists, TNF inhibitors, salbutamol, tamsulosin etc. cause heart failure.
(v) Drugs like cocaine, methamphetamine etc. cause heart failure.
(vi) Exposure to harmful substances like lead, cobalt, lithium etc. can cause damage to the heart.
(vii) Heart can become dysfunctional due to diseases like heart attack, heart failure, high blood pressure, diabetes, AIDS etc.
(viii) Diseases like amyloidosis, systemic erythematosus etc. increase the risk of heart failure.
(ix) The heart becomes dysfunctional when the cardiac muscle is atrophied.