A new plant is formed from the leaves of the plant. Night queens reproduce through leaves.

Onion and garlic are propagated by bulbs, ginger, turmeric, sati, bach, olkachu etc. by rhizomes and potato by tubers. New plants arise from the stems of plants like olkachu, sati etc. Again, plants like mint, bamboo, banana, chrysanthemum, pineapple etc. reproduce by a special type of stem called saka.

Plants like potal, dahlia, kankrol, shatamuli, sweet potato, ranga potato etc. reproduce by roots.

(i) Fragmentation: Spirogyra, Oscillatoria, Oedogonium, Ulothrix etc. reproduce by fragmentation.

(ii) By roots: Plants like potal, dahlia, kankrol, shatamuli, sweet potato, ranga potato etc. reproduce by roots.

(iii) By stem: Onion and garlic are propagated by bulbs, ginger, turmeric, sati, bach, olkachu etc. by rhizomes and potato by tubers. New plants arise from the stems of plants like olkachu, sati etc. Again, plants like mint, bamboo, banana, chrysanthemum, pineapple etc. reproduce by a special type of stem called saka.

(iv) By leaf: A new plant is formed from the leaves of the plant. Night queens reproduce through leaves.

(v) Budding: A single-celled fungus called yeast grows by forming buds.

(vi) By bulbil: Some plants reproduce by bulbils or corms. For example, potato, tuber, agave etc.

(vii) By sub-aerial stem: by runners like kachu, strawberry etc.; By means of banana, mint, pineapple, chrysanthemum, bamboo etc.; Amrul increases the number by stolon and by offsets like Kachuripana, Topapana etc. Increase numbers by semi-aerial stems like Thankuni, Kalamilata, Shushani Shaka, Mentha etc.

(viii) By stem: New plant arises from the stem of Fanimana.

(ix) By tiurian: The swollen bud of the plant is called turion. Turion stores food for the future. It remains dormant during the winter and germinates to form a dormant plant in the spring. Aquatic plants reproduce by turion. Eg – Potamogeton, Utricularia etc.

(x) Underground Stems: Plants like ginger, turmeric, onion, potato etc. multiply by underground stems.

(xi) By aerial stem: Plants like tuber, sugarcane, sweet potato etc. propagate by aerial stem.

Lower plants produce spores. Spores germinate in a suitable environment to form new plants. Algae, fungi, bryophyta and pteridophyta reproduce by spores. Penicillium produces conidia, Mucor gonidia and Agaricus produce basidiospores. Algae reproduce by zoospores, aplanospores, resting spores, acinetes etc. Ferns and Lycopodia produce homospores and Selaginella and sedum produce heterospores.

1. Only organisms can reproduce through asexual reproduction.
2. Asexual reproduction is accomplished by any part or spore of an organism.
3. Mitosis cell division occurs in the process of asexual reproduction. But meiosis does not occur.
4. Gametes or fertilization are absent in this process.
5. Asexual reproduction does not alternate between haploid and diploid states.
6. Offspring have the characteristics of the parent. This is called a clone.
7. New traits are not formed because meiosis and crossing over do not occur.
8. Breeding occurs at a rapid rate in a short period of time.
9. Asexual reproduction occurs in plants only under favorable conditions.
10. Asexually produced organisms are unable to adapt to the environment. That is, unable to adapt.

Plant reproduction without the union of sperm and egg is called asexual reproduction. Neem plants reproduce asexually by spores and herbaceous plants by body parts. Asexual reproduction occurs by roots, stems and leaves of plants.

After fertilization the ovum is stimulated. Ovarian changes occur. The ovule changes into a seed. The watery part of the ovule is reduced and the soft part dries up to form a hard seed. Ovule develops into ovule, ovule into ovule, ovule into ovule and ovule into sporule.

After fertilization, the ovary of the flower is stimulated. The uterus grows and changes in its various parts. As a result, the uterus grows. The wall of the uterus forms the placenta. If the ovary of each flower of an inflorescence develops into a fruit, it is called simple fruit or single fruit. Mango, jam, litchi, plum etc. are single fruits. When a single fruit is produced from a complete inflorescence, it is called a compound fruit. Composite fruits like jackfruit, pineapple etc.

As the embryo develops in the embryo sac, the seed nucleus divides repeatedly in the process of mitosis to form many nuclei. Nuclei become cells containing cytoplasm. The cells fuse to form the seed or endosperm. The seeds are stored as food for the embryo. When the developing embryo absorbs the entire seed of the seed, the seed becomes asexual. A seed without a seed is called a seed. Mangoes, beans, chickpeas etc.

If the developing embryo does not absorb the whole seed, some part of the seed is still present in the seed. Such seeds are called sasyal seeds. Vegetable seeds like paddy, wheat, bhutra, redi, cotton etc.