The ovoid swelling in the lymph ducts is called the lymph node or lymph gland. The number of lymph nodes is 400-700. The glands are most abundant in the neck, armpits and groin. Lymph nodes are discussed.

The ovoid swelling in the lymph ducts is called the lymph node or lymph gland. The number of lymph nodes is 400-700. The glands are most abundant in the neck, armpits and groin. Lymph nodes are discussed.
1. Spleen: The spleen is the largest lymph gland in the human body. It is located below the ribs and above the stomach. It is soft and dark in color. It is called blood reservoir or blood bank. It consists of two types of spleen marrow. Red marrow and white marrow. It can store 300 ml of blood. Spleen measures 13×7×3 cubic cm and weighs 150 grams. The spleen acts as the main filter of blood. As most red blood cells are destroyed in the spleen, it is called the red blood cell graveyard. It destroys germs and prevents diseases.
2. Tonsil: The small ball-like structure on the right and left sides of the mouth and pharynx is called tonsil. There are three types of tonsils in the human body. Palatine, adenoid (pharyngeal) and lingual. It produces antibodies and lymphocytes to fight bacteria and viruses. Many times tonsils are infected by viruses and bacteria. It is called tonsillitis. Surgical removal of tonsils is called tonsillectomy.
3. Lymph node: Lymph node is a capsule-like part located in the lymph vessel. The number of lymph nodes in the human body is 400-700. It is filled with macrophages and lymphocytes. It removes microorganisms and foreign matter. The nodes clear the lymph.
4. Thymus: The pyramidal organ located above the heart between the trachea and sternum is called the thymus. It is soft and bifurcated. Children’s thymuses are large and active. The thymus secretes the hormones thymosin and thymopoietin. Hormones regulate lymphocyte maturation. The thymus gradually turns into fat tissue during puberty. But it disappears with age. White blood cells produced in the red bone marrow reach the thymus and become T-lymphocytes. These are any immune cells that turn into T-effector, T-killer and T-helper cells and recognize viruses and bacteria.
5. Red Bone Marrow: Red bone marrow is a spongy, semi-solid and red colored tissue. Red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets are produced from red bone marrow. Most bones in children contain red bone marrow. Adults have red bone marrow in pelvis, vertebrae, sternum, carotid, clavicle, clavicle, perscha, humerus, femur etc.

The vessels through which lymph fluid is transported are called lymphatic vessels. It is a fine duct with closed ends. The lymphatic ducts of the intestinal wall are called lacteal. Lymph flows slowly in one direction only.
The fine lymphatic ducts join to form two large ducts. namely-
1. Right lymphatic canal: The lymphatic canals located in the head, right side of the throat, right arm and right chest combine to form the right lymphatic canal. It is attached to the junction of the right subclavian vein and the right intrajugular vein.
2. Thoracic lysicanali: The lower body and left sided lysicanali join together to form the thoracic lysicanali. It is attached to the junction of the left subclavian vein and the left intrajugular vein.

Lymph contains two types of components. Cellular material and non-cellular material.
1. Cellular components: The cellular components of lymph are lymphocytes and monocytes. There are 500-75,000 lymphocytes per cubic milliliter of blood.
2. Non-cellular components: The non-cellular components of lymph are-
(i) Water: Lymph contains 94% water.
(ii) Proteins: Proteins present in lymph are albumin, globulin, fibrinogen, enzymes and antibodies.
(iii) Lipids: Lymph contains triglycerides and phospholipids as chylomicrons. Eating fatty foods increases the amount of fat in the lymph and makes the lymph appear milky white. White lymph is called Kyle.
(iv) Sugars: 100 ml of lymph contains 120-132 grams of sugars (glucose).
(v) Minerals: Lymph contains calcium, sodium, potassium, phosphorus, chloride and bicarbonate.
(vi) Excretory products: The excretory products of lymph are urea, uric acid, creatinine etc.

Plasma resides in body cells as an interstitial fluid. Interstitial fluid enters lymph vessels and becomes lymph. The process of making lymph is called lymphogenesis.

The word lymph comes from the Latin word lympha. Lymph means clear water. The clear and alkaline collar that provides nutrients and protects cells is called lymph. It is yellowish or colorless and keeps the cells moist. Its relative importance is about 1.01-1.016 and pH 7.4-9.0. The volume of lymph is almost double that of blood ie 10-12 liters. It always flows in one direction.

FDA : FDA is the name of an artificial blood chemical. It looks like a milky liquid. The FDA is made up of two chemical compounds. Perfluorodectin and perfluorotriproylamine. Artificial blood was first made by FDA. J is also a grandson. He named it FDA. But the Japanese scientist. Kenji Honda called the FDA an oxygen conductor. No adverse reactions have been observed. Does not cause any harmful effect on the liver. The FDA application does not determine the patient’s blood group. FDA can be administered to patients of any blood group. During the treatment, 2-3 thousand milliliters of FDA is given to the patient’s body. It reacts up to three hours after entering the body. At the end of the work, he went out with a sigh. It takes 3-6 months for it to be completely eliminated from the body.
USA invented artificial blood called Oxycyte. This is known as oxygen therapeutic. An oxygen carrier called Hemopure is available in South Africa. Russia invented artificial blood called Perftoran. Perfluoroan oxygen carriers include perfluorodecalin, perfluoro-N-piperidine, surfactant and Proxanol-268. It was marketed till 2005.

There are two types of artificial blood available in the market.
1. Hemoglobin-containing blood: Hemoglobin-containing blood is prepared from human, cow or cattle blood. This blood is kept in a controlled environment. Hemoglobin becomes toxic to the kidneys if not stored in a protected environment.
2. Perfluorocarbon Emulsion: Perfluorocarbon emulsion is completely artificial blood. The only artificial blood allowed is Fluosol. Fluosol causes adverse reactions in the patient’s body. Therefore, Fluosol was withdrawn from the market in 1994. At present extensive research is going on to make suitable artificial blood.

(i) Artificial blood will not react with any antibodies in the body of the recipient.
(ii) No infection will occur in the circulation.
(iii) Can supply necessary oxygen.
(iv) readily available, storable at normal temperature and will last for a long time.
(v) can be applied to the body of a person of any blood group.
(vi) Never carry a communicable disease.

In urgent need, the life of the patient is saved by blood transfusion. Research has begun to develop artificial blood to meet immediate patient blood needs.