The system through which the nitrogenous waste products produced in metabolism are removed from the body is called the excretory system. The excretory organs of the grasshopper are Malpighian ducts, urate cells, uricose glands, nephrocytes, etc.
Main excretory organ Malpighian tube: Malpighian tube is the main excretory organ of grasshopper. Italian scientist Marcello Malpighi discovered this tube. It is named after him. It is a yellow tube. At the junction of the mesenteron and the proctodeum there are 6-8 bundles of ducts. Each cluster contains 12-15 Malpighian ducts. That is, its number is 60-150. Each tube is 25 mm in length and 0.10-1.00 mm in diameter. These tubules are of the nephridial type (connected at one end and free at the other end). It is hollow, cylindrical and unbranched. The hollow space inside the tube is called the lumen. The lumen is lined by epithelial cells. Epithelial cells have a basement membrane on the outside and cilia or microvilli on the inside. The cilia together form the brush border. Brush borders remove urea and urate from the blood. The outer wall of the duct has a foundation screen.
Malpighian duct function
1. Hemolymph collects nitrogenous wastes.
2. Passes waste material to the intestines.
3. Plays a role in osmoregulation.

Blood flows to different parts of the body as a result of the contraction and expansion of the heart and alary muscles of the grasshopper. Each chamber of the heart continuously contracts and expands like a wave to maintain normal blood flow. Blood circulation process is discussed.
Blood enters the pericardial sinuses from the perivisceral sinuses as a result of the contraction of the alary muscles. At this time, the chambers of the heart expand. As a result, blood from the pericardial sinus enters the cardiac cavity through the ostia. After filling with blood, the heart chambers contract. At this point the blood moves forward through the external ostia and enters the dorsal aorta. Blood enters the cerebral sinuses from the dorsal aorta. Blood then flows backward and enters the perivisceral sinuses and perineural sinuses. Blood circulates to different parts of the body through these two sinuses. At this time the blood enters the leg cavity from the perineural sinus and the wing from the pericardial sinus. Finally, the action of the alary muscles allows blood to flow from the perivisceral sinuses into the pericardial sinuses and repeat the cycle. Their heartbeat is 100-110 times per minute and it takes 30-60 minutes to circulate blood once in the body.

The triangular muscle that is attached to the heart is called Alary muscle. These muscles arise from the digital floor of the targum. Its broad end is attached to the heart. Alary muscles (6 pairs in total) contract and expand the heart.

The heart of the grasshopper is located in the pericardial sinus. It is composed of several funnel-shaped chambers. The first 3 chambers are located in the thorax and the last 10 chambers are located in the abdomen. In the region between the two chambers, the cardiac wall folds from both sides and enters the cardiac cavity. Each fold has a hole. It is called Ostia. Each chamber is connected to the pericardial sinus by ostia. A pore between two adjacent cells is called an intercellular pore.

The first chamber of the heart narrows to form a cylindrical part. This is called the dorsal aorta. It extends from the forehead to the head. It does not contain ostia.

The dorsal canal consists of three parts. These are-
(i) Dorsal aorta: The first chamber of the heart narrows to form a cylindrical part. This is called the dorsal aorta. It extends from the forehead to the head. It does not contain ostia.
(ii) Heart or heart: The heart of the grasshopper is located in the pericardial sinus. It is composed of several funnel-shaped chambers. The first 3 chambers are located in the thorax and the last 10 chambers are located in the abdomen. In the region between the two chambers, the cardiac wall folds from both sides and enters the cardiac cavity. Each fold has a hole. It is called Ostia. Each chamber is connected to the pericardial sinus by ostia. A pore between two adjacent cells is called an intercellular pore.
(iii) Alary muscle: The triangular muscle that is attached to the heart is called Alary muscle. These muscles arise from the digital floor of the targum. Its broad end is attached to the heart. Alary muscles (6 pairs in total) contract and expand the heart.

The word haemocoel is formed from the Greek words haema meaning blood and coel meaning cavity. A body cavity filled with hemolymph is called a hemocele. Their hemocele is called myxocele. It is divided into three chambers or sinuses by the dorsal membrane and digital membrane. These are-
(i) Pericardial sinus: It is located above the dorsal membrane. It contains the heart.
(ii) Perivisceral sinus: It is located below the dorsal membrane. The alimentary canal is located in it. Dr. Siddiq Publications
(iii) Perineural sinuses: It is located under the digital membrane. It contains nerve fibers.

(i) Haemolymph acts as a water reservoir. It contains 92% water.
(ii) It transports nutrients, minerals, hormonal secretions.
(iii) Maintains water balance in the body.
(iv) Wings help in circulation and shedding of shells.
(v) Hemocytes ingest microbes by the process of phagocytosis. As a result, disease is prevented.
(vi) Haemocytes help in blood clotting and wound healing.
(vii) Haemocytes secrete mucopolysaccharides to form connective tissue.

Grasshopper blood contains only white blood cells or Haemocytes (15,000-60,000). It does not contain red blood cells. Haemocytes can be divided into three types. Prohemocyte, transitional hemocyte and giant hemocyte. Prohemocytes 6-9 mµ (23%), transitional hemocytes 9-19 mµ (68%) and giant hemocytes 19-23 mµ (9%).

Plasma is a colorless liquid. It does not contain hemoglobin. It contains protein, sugar, glycerol, amino acid, glucose, organic acid, ester, sterol, triglyceride, urea, uric acid, nitrogen, sodium, calcium, magnesium, potassium, phosphate, hemoxanthin, trihalose, diglyceride, tyrosine, trihalase etc. Dr. Siddiq Publications