The digestive system of grasshoppers consists of two parts. Alimentary canal and digestive gland. Dr. Siddiq Publications

Alimentary canal: The tube extending from mouth to anus is called alimentary canal. The alimentary canal of the grasshopper is divided into three parts. Stomodium, mesenteron and proctodeum.
1. Stomodium: The part from the stomata to the gizzard is called the anterior alimentary canal. It consists of six parts. These are:
(i) Mukhashidra: The openings in front of the alimentary canal are called mukhashidras. Food enters through it
(ii) Oral cavity: The part enclosed by the oral cavity after the oral cavity is called oral cavity. Food is mixed with saliva in the mouth. It takes the food from the mouth to the pharynx.
(iii) Pharynx: The small, muscular, narrow and cylindrical part located behind the mouth is called pharynx. Through this, food enters the esophagus.
(iv) Esophagus: The narrow, long and cylindrical part after pharynx is called esophagus. It is covered by a thin wall. It transports the food to the crop.
(v) Croup: Esophagus swells to form a sac-like croup. It is thin walled. Food is temporarily stored in it. Food digestion starts from here. Dr. Siddiq Publications
(vi) Gizzard or proventriculus: The posterior extension of the crop is called gizzard. It is a thick, muscular and triangular sac. Its wall is made up of tough, thick and circular muscles. The anterior part of the gizzard is called the armarium and the posterior part is the stomodium captica. Armarium wall folded longitudinally to form six leaf-like teeth. There is a pad-like layer behind the teeth. These leaves have fine bristles or hairs. Longitudinal folds contain bristles in deep pits. Gizzard teeth crush food. Bristle or Rome serves as strainer. Kapatika prevents reverse flow of food.
2. Middle alimentary canal or mesenteron: The part from gizzard to proctodeum is called mesenteron. The junction of the gizzard and the mesentery is called the cardia. The mesentery is called the stomach. The anterior and posterior ends of the stomach have muscular rings or sphincters. It is short and syntactic. It arises from the endoderm and is covered by the peritrophic membrane. The peritrophic membrane prevents food from sticking to the intestinal wall. It protects the intestines from damage. At the junction of the anterior and middle alimentary canal are 6 pairs of hepatic or gastric sica. Hepatic caeca are long, hollow and twisted. Stomach holds food and digests food. Hepatic cica helps in food absorption. Dr. Siddiq Publications
3. Proctodaeum: The posterior part of the middle esophagus is the posterior esophagus. There are 10–15 Malpighian ducts at the junction of the middle and posterior alimentary canals. The posterior alimentary canal consists of four parts. Ileum, colon, rectum and anus. Dr. Siddiq Publications
(i) Ileum: Ileum is narrow, short and tube like part. Its inner wall is furrowed and folded. These folds act like eyelids. Ileum digests food and absorbs nutrients.
(ii) Colon: The long irregular portion next to the ileum is called the colon. The diameter of the colon is greater than that of the ileum. It absorbs food.
(iii) Colon: The most posterior part of alimentary canal is called colon. It is swollen and thick-walled. Its inner wall has 6 folds. These folds are called rectal papillae. It absorbs excess water, mineral salts, amino acids etc. from stool. It also stores the undigested part of the food.
(iv) Anus: The opening at the end of the rectum is called the anus. It removes waste food from the body.

Digestive gland of grasshopper
Grasshoppers have two main digestive glands. Salivary Gland and Gastric Cica
1. Salivary Glands: A pair of compound leaf-like salivary glands are present on either side of the alimentary canal crop. Saliva is secreted from salivary glands. Saliva participates in food digestion.
2. Gastric sica: At the junction of gizzard and mesenteron there are 7-8 hepatic sica. Their inner mouth is open to the postural canal and the outer mouth is closed. Acid is secreted from the gastric sac. Nutritious foods aid in digestion. Dr. Siddiq Publications

The long, soft and fleshy appendage between labrum and labium is called hypopharynx or lingya. Its base is folded and covered with cuticle. The subtongue is involved in moving food and swallowing food.

A multi-jointed large compound appendage located below the mouth opening is called labium. It means understanding the quality of food, putting the food in the mouth and covering the mouth. The labium consists of two main parts. Submentum and Mentum.
(i) Submentum: The base of labium is called sub mentum. It is flat and wide. It connects the labium to the skull.
(ii) Mentum: The part between sub mentum and pre-mentum is called mentum. It is small and almost round. There are two labial pulps on the outside. Each labial palp is composed of three lobes. At the tip of the mentum is a ligula. The ligula has glossa on the inside and par glossa on the outside.

On either side of the mouth opening there is a pair of multi-segmented maxillae along the mandible. It consists of two main parts. Cardo and Stypes. The base of the maxilla is called the cardo. The long and slender upper part of the cardo is called the stipe. Gallia and lacinia are present at the head of the stipe. Besides, there is a five-segmented maxillary pulp on the outer side of the stipes. Maxillary pulp is sensitive. The function of the maxilla is to pick food, catch food, feed food into the mouth and clean the front legs.

On either side of the mouth there is a pair of strong, short and triangular mandibles or jaws. Each mandible has several dark grooves on the inside. These grooves are called molar processes or denticles. Each mandible has two types of muscles. These are-
(i) Adductor muscle: The muscle on the inner side of the mandible is called adductor muscle. It contracts and pulls the mandible inwards.
(ii) Abductor muscle: The muscle on the outer side of the mandible is called the abductor muscle. It contracts and pulls the mandible outward. The work of the mandible is to bite and crush the food.

The round, wide, bilaterally symmetrical and flattened organ attached to the clypeus on the surface of the head is called the labrum. It is also called the upper lip. It is sensitive. It covers the mandible and helps in grasping food items.

The movable jointed appendages around the mouth are called mouthparts. The mouthparts of grasshoppers are called mandibular mouthparts because they are used for chewing young leaves. It consists of five parts. Labrum, mandible, maxilla, labium and hypopharynx.
1. Labrum: The round, wide, bilaterally symmetrical and flattened organ attached to the clypeus on the surface of the head is called the labrum. It is also called the upper lip. It is sensitive. It covers the mandible and helps in grasping food items.
2. Mandible: On either side of the mouth there is a pair of strong, short and triangular mandibles or jaws. Each mandible has several dark grooves on the inside. These grooves are called molar processes or denticles. Each mandible has two types of muscles. These are-
(i) Adductor muscle: The muscle on the inner side of the mandible is called adductor muscle. It contracts and pulls the mandible inwards.
(ii) Abductor muscle: The muscle on the outer side of the mandible is called the abductor muscle. It contracts and pulls the mandible outward. The work of the mandible is to bite and crush the food.
3. Maxilla: On either side of the mouth opening there is a pair of multi-segmented maxillae along the mandible. It consists of two main parts. Cardo and Stypes. The base of the maxilla is called the cardo. The long and slender upper part of the cardo is called the stipe. Gallia and lacinia are present at the head of the stipe. Besides, there is a five-segmented maxillary pulp on the outer side of the stipes. Maxillary pulp is sensitive. The function of the maxilla is to pick food, catch food, feed food into the mouth and clean the front legs.
4. Labium: A multi-jointed large compound appendage located below the mouth opening is called labium. It means understanding the quality of food, putting the food in the mouth and covering the mouth. The labium consists of two main parts. Submentum and Mentum.
(i) Submentum: The base of labium is called sub mentum. It is flat and wide. It connects the labium to the skull.
(ii) Mentum: The part between sub mentum and pre-mentum is called mentum. It is small and almost round. There are two labial pulps on the outside. Each labial palp is composed of three lobes. At the tip of the mentum is a ligula. The ligula has glossa on the inside and par glossa on the outside.
5. Hypopharynx: The long, soft and fleshy appendage between labrum and labium is called hypopharynx or lingya. Its base is folded and covered with cuticle. The subtongue is involved in moving food and swallowing food.

The ninth segment of the male has the subgenital plate, the 10th segment has the anal sac and the 11th supra-anal plate and anus. But there is no anal style. The 11th abdominal segment contains the anus and the anal plate. Female grasshopper- ninth segment contains egg-laying organ ovipositor. The ovipositor is composed of 4 smooth lobes. Dr. Siddiq Publications

The first abdominal segment contains the auditory sac or tympanum. There is an oval tympanic membrane surrounding the eardrum.

The last part of grasshopper’s body is called abdomen. It is long, narrow, soft and scaly. Its abdomen is made up of 11 segments. On the surface of the abdomen is the targum and on the phalanges is the sternum. But there are not so many pleurons. Its first fragment is incomplete. It contains only the targum.