The Nif gene was isolated from the nitrogen-fixing Rhizobium bacterium and inserted into the chromosomes of rice plants. This rice plant can fix nitrogen and does not require application of urea fertilizers.

Transgenesis involves introducing nematode-specific genes from Agrobacterium into plant cells. It produces sense and antisense RNA in plant cells. They are complementary to each other to form double stranded RNA. It is cleaved into 21-23 fragments by Dicer enzyme. Each fragment is called small interfering RNA (siRNA). siRNA and RNA together form the RNA Induced Splicing Complex (RISC). RISC cleaves nematode mRNA. As a result, the nematode dies in the transgenic host.

Recombinant DNA technology has created plants resistant to viruses, bacteria, fungi and insects. At present resistant cultivars have been developed against tomato mosaic virus, tobacco mosaic virus, tobacco mild green mosaic virus, papaya ring spot, delayed blight of potato etc. Australian scientist Sayer has developed a rust resistant wheat variety by introducing the Rus+ resistance gene from Aagilops umbellulata into Kile wheat. American scientists have identified RPS2 and L2 genes that are resistant to viruses, bacteria and fungi. Work is underway to introduce these genes into crop plants.

In 2009, Dr. Spain. Paul Christo created transgenic bhutra by inserting the M17W gene into bhutra, which produces vitamin-C, beta-carotene and folic acid. This Bhutra is fulfilling the vitamin needs of crores of people.

Fertilization plants are essential for good reproduction. A bacterial ribonuclease gene has been applied to plants to stop pollination. Sterility has been caused in plants like mustard, tobacco, lettuce, coffee, cotton, tomato, potato etc.

Transgenic tobacco plants have been created by introducing the light producing luciferin gene into tobacco plants. Transgenic tobacco plants emit light at night. As a result, it is convenient for the pedestrians to walk on the road.

Transgenic animals are used as bioreactors to produce drugs from their milk, blood and urine. This is called molecular farming. These medicines are used to cure many diseases.

(i) Sheep farming is a good business in Australia. Wool and meat are obtained from sheep. Sheep eat grass like clover. Clover grass is low in sulfur and does not improve wool. Transgenic clover grass has been created by introducing sulfur producing genes from sunflower into clover grass. By eating this grass, the sulfur deficiency of the sheep was compensated and the wool quality of the sheep was improved.
(ii) Transgenic animals are created through biotechnology. Medicines are made from milk, blood and urine of transgenic animals.
(iii) Deficiency of lactoferrin enzyme causes mastitis in cow’s udder and reduced milk production. Transgenic bulls are created by injecting lactoferrin into bulls. The progeny of these transgenic bulls are resistant to mastitis.
(iv) Genes for human growth hormone have been introduced into sheep to produce more growth-prone sheep.
(v) High-growth fish have been developed by introducing marine fish genes into salmon, trout and pomace. The growth of salmon increased by 30 times.
(vi) Increased milk production by administration of bovine somatotropin to cows.

The flavor saver tomato (CGN-89564-2) was created by collecting the PG gene from the militant tomato (Lycopersicon escolentum) and inserting it into the modern tomato (Lycopersicon lycopersicum). The taste and smell of this tomato is improved. It ripens late, does not rot easily and can be stored for a long time. Besides, the British Zenica tomato was invented.

Golden or golden colored rice is called golden or super rice. In 2000, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology scientist Ingo Potrykus and German Freiburg University scientist Peter Beyer jointly invented golden rice. They created super rice by introducing four beta carotene producing psy (phytoene synthase) genes from daffodil plant, three iron producing genes and crtI (carotene desaturase) gene from Erwinia uredovora bacteria into Japonica rice. Eating this rice does not cause night blindness. Apart from this, there is no anemia in the mother’s body. In 2005, Golden Rice-2 was developed which provides 23 times more beta-carotene. Young boys and girls in various countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America, including Bangladesh, are deficient in vitamin A. Vitamin A deficiency causes night blindness.