(i) Fragmentation: Spirogyra, Oscillatoria, Oedogonium, Ulothrix etc. reproduce by fragmentation.
(ii) By roots: Plants like potal, dahlia, kankrol, shatamuli, sweet potato, ranga potato etc. reproduce by roots.
(iii) By stem: Onion and garlic are propagated by bulbs, ginger, turmeric, sati, bach, olkachu etc. by rhizomes and potato by tubers. New plants arise from the stems of plants like olkachu, sati etc. Again, plants like mint, bamboo, banana, chrysanthemum, pineapple etc. reproduce by a special type of stem called saka.
(iv) By leaf: A new plant is formed from the leaves of the plant. Night queens reproduce through leaves.
(v) Budding: A single-celled fungus called yeast grows by forming buds.
(vi) By bulbil: Some plants reproduce by bulbils or corms. For example, potato, tuber, agave etc.
(vii) By sub-aerial stem: by runners like kachu, strawberry etc.; By means of banana, mint, pineapple, chrysanthemum, bamboo etc.; Amrul increases the number by stolon and by offsets like Kachuripana, Topapana etc. Increase numbers by semi-aerial stems like Thankuni, Kalamilata, Shushani Shaka, Mentha etc.
(viii) By stem: New plant arises from the stem of Fanimana.
(ix) By tiurian: The swollen bud of the plant is called turion. Turion stores food for the future. It remains dormant during the winter and germinates to form a dormant plant in the spring. Aquatic plants reproduce by turion. Eg – Potamogeton, Utricularia etc.
(x) Underground Stems: Plants like ginger, turmeric, onion, potato etc. multiply by underground stems.
(xi) By aerial stem: Plants like tuber, sugarcane, sweet potato etc. propagate by aerial stem.