Category: Biology Second Paper Lecture Sheet

1. Vigorous stem: The stem which can stand upright independently above the ground is called Vigorous stem. Like- mango, jam, litchi etc.
2. Weak Stems: Those stems which cannot stand upright independently above the ground are called weak stems. For example- Gourd, Pumpkin, Durbaghas etc.
3. Rhizome: The stems that grow parallel to the ground are called rhizomes. Like ginger, turmeric etc.
4. Tuber: When the tip of the underground branch of the stem is swollen and rounded to store food, it is called a tuber. For example, round potatoes.
5. Bulbs: All metamorphosed stems that are short and disc-like in shape are called bulbs. For example, onion, garlic etc.
6. Runner: A runner is a weak stem and bends like a bow. It has non-local roots. Thankuni, Kachuripana, Kachu, Strawberry etc.
7. Hollow stem: Some stems are hollow in the center. Plants of the family Poaceae, Cyperaceae, Lamiaceae etc. have hollow stems. The stems of Cyperaceae are three-cornered and those of Lamiaceae are four-cornered.

The rhizome is formed from the stem part of the plant. Such as sugarcane, bhutra etc.

Epidermis is formed from the leaves of plants. For example, stone chips.

The root that is formed from the root of the plant is called a parasya root. For example, orchids.

When the main root swells and takes the shape of a tuber, it is called Kandal root. Like- Sandhyamalti, sweet potato etc.

The root that develops from the base of the stem when the primary root is destroyed is called a bunch root. The roots of monocots are clustered roots. For example – Paddy, Wheat, Sugarcane, Bhutra, Kaun, Barley, Durbaghas, Palm, Betel nut, Onion, Garlic etc.

A root formed from an organ other than the embryonic root is called an ablative root. Like Bot, Kaya, Aswattha, Patharkuchi etc.

The permanent root that develops from the embryonic root is called main root. Dicotyledonous plants have main roots. Radishes, carrots, beets, turnips etc. are the main roots converted.

1. Main or Spatial Root: The permanent root that develops from the embryonic root is called main root. Dicotyledonous plants have main roots. Radishes, carrots, beets, turnips etc. are the main roots converted.
2. Absent root: A root formed from an organ other than the embryonic root is called an ablative root. Like Bot, Kaya, Aswattha, Patharkuchi etc.
3. Bunch root: The root that develops from the base of the stem when the primary root is destroyed is called a bunch root. The roots of monocots are clustered roots. For example – Paddy, Wheat, Sugarcane, Bhutra, Kaun, Barley, Durbaghas, Palm, Betel nut, Onion, Garlic etc.
4. Kandal root: When the main root swells and takes the shape of a tuber, it is called Kandal root. Like- Sandhyamalti, sweet potato etc.
5. Parasya root: The root that is formed from the root of the plant is called a parasya root. For example, orchids.
6. Epidermis: Epidermis is formed from the leaves of plants. For example, stone chips.
7. Rhizome: The rhizome is formed from the stem part of the plant. Such as sugarcane, bhutra etc.

Plants that grow on dead plant or animal bodies and take food from them are called Saprophytes. Eg Agaricus, Mucor, Penicillium, Saprolegnia etc.