Category: Biology Second Paper Lecture Sheet

Plants that grow on other green plants and take food from them are called parasites. For example, golden vine.

A plant that grows under the shelter of other plants but does not absorb food is called paraphyte. For example, orchids

Hard, woody and perennial plants with buds are called trees. Like- Mango, Jam, Jackfruit etc. Dr. Siddique Publications

A hardy, woody and perennial plant without buds is called a shrub. For example – Rose, Jaba, Dhutura, Rangan, Basak etc.

A plant smaller than a shrub is called an under shrub. For example – Dadmardan, Kalkasunda etc.

Perennial plants with small and soft stems are called herbs. For example – paddy, wheat, Bhutra, Raktdrona, Shwetdrona, Durbaghas etc.

1. Herbaceous: Perennial plants with small and soft stems are called herbs. For example – paddy, wheat, Bhutra, Raktdrona, Shwetdrona, Durbaghas etc.
2. Under Shrub: A plant smaller than a shrub is called an under shrub. For example – Dadmardan, Kalkasunda etc.
3. Shrub: A hardy, woody and perennial plant without buds is called a shrub. For example – Rose, Jaba, Dhutura, Rangan, Basak etc.
4. Tree: Hard, woody and perennial plants with buds are called trees. Like- Mango, Jam, Jackfruit etc. Dr. Siddique Publications
5. Epiphyte: A plant that grows under the shelter of other plants but does not absorb food is called paraphyte. For example, orchids
6. Parasites: Plants that grow on other green plants and take food from them are called parasites. For example, golden vine.
7. Saprophytes: Plants that grow on dead plant or animal bodies and take food from them are called Saprophytes. Eg Agaricus, Mucor, Penicillium, Saprolegnia etc.

About 1000 species of herbaceous plants are of economic importance. Among them, 100 species are of international commercial importance.
1. As food: 80% of human food needs are met by only 20 types of herbaceous plants. 15 species are used as staple food all over the world. Out of these 4 species rice, wheat, bhutra and sugarcane meet 63% of human sugar requirement. Rice is the staple food of 60% of the world’s people. 35% of people’s staple food is wheat or bread.
2. Livestock feed: Thousands of species of grasses are the main food of domestic animals like cow, buffalo, goat, sheep etc.
3. Sugar production: Sugar is produced from sugarcane. Various food items are made from sugar.
4. Aromatic Cosmetics: Aromatic oils and cosmetics are made from lemon grass.
5. Preparation of medicines: 120 types of modern and valuable medicines are made from more than hundred species of plants.
6. As a herb: Durbaghas is used as an herb to stop bleeding and heal wounds.
7. Paper making: Paper is made from bamboo, reeds and sugarcane.
8. Fuel: Roots, stems and leaves of plants are used as fuel.
9. Construction Materials: Bamboo and wood are used as construction materials.
10. Industry: Bread, biscuits, alcohol, vinegar etc. are made from plants.
11. Beautification: Flowering plants are planted in houses, roads and gardens to enhance beauty.
12. Weeds: Weeds grow in cropland causing great damage to crops.

Liliopsida consists of 4 sub-classes, 20 classes and 65 genera. The sub-classes are:
(i) Alismatidae: Class number of Alismatidae is 3.
(ii) Lilidae: Class number of Lilidae is 3.
(iii) Arecidae: The class number of Arecidae is 5.
(iv) Commelinidae: The class number of Commelinidae is 6.

Magnoliopsida consists of 7 sub-classes, 56 classes and 315 genera. The sub-classes are:
(i) Magnolidae: The class number of Magnolidae is 7.
(ii) Hamamelidae: Class number of Hamamelidae is 8.
(iii) Ranunculidae: The class number of Ranunculidae is 3.
(iv) Caryophyllidae: The class number of Caryophyllidae is 3.
(v) Dillenidae: The class number of Dillenidae is 12.
(vi) Rosidae: Class number of Rosidae is 16.
(vii) Asteridae: Class number of Asteridae is 7.