Category: Biology Second Paper Lecture Sheet

Kidney stones are made of minerals. Oxalates, phosphates, carbonates etc. combine with calcium to form crystals. Calcium crystal is Kiddey stone. Kidney stones are surgically removed.

Survival of a transplanted kidney is one year – about 95%, five years – about 85-90%, ten years – about 75%.

1. Blood group of kidney donor and recipient must be same.
2. Collected kidneys must be HIV free.
3. The nature of the kidney donor and recipient tissue must be the same.
4. Kidney must be implanted within 48 hours of collection.
5. Antibiotics should be taken after kidney transplant.

Placement of a healthy or functioning kidney in the human body to replace a non-functioning kidney is called kidney transplantation. The kidney must be implanted within 48 hours of collection. Kidneys can be harvested from the body of a recently deceased donor. The new kidney produces urine like a normal kidney. If there is no possibility of high blood pressure or infection, the previous kidney is left.

The process in which blood is purified using the peritoneal membrane of the abdominal cavity as a dialysis screen or filter is called peritoneal dialysis.
A small incision is made in the patient’s abdominal wall to perform peritoneal dialysis. A plastic tube peritoneal dialysis catheter is inserted through the incision into the abdominal cavity. Dialysate (dialyzing solution) is injected into the abdominal cavity through this tube. The peritoneal membrane of the abdominal cavity acts as a dialysis screen or strainer. Dialysis screens separate water, urea, uric acid, creatinine, sodium, potassium etc. from the blood. As a result, the blood is purified. Dialysate is infused 3-4 times a day. During this test, the patient can walk and lead an independent and normal life. So this type of dialysis is called CAPD (Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis). Although CAPD is simple and less expensive, the peritoneal membrane may develop peritonitis.

Hemodialysis is the process in which blood is removed from the body by a pump, filtered through a dialyzer and sent back to the body.
In this procedure, a plastic Gortex graft tube is placed between the patient’s artery and vein. This is called Cimino fistula. A fistula has two tubes. Through one tube the blood enters the dialysis machine from the body and through the other tube the purified blood returns to the body. A hollow catheter is placed in the patient’s lower arm or leg. A fistula tube is connected to the catheter. The end of the tube is connected to the dialysis machine or dialyzer. Inside the dialysis machine is the dialysis screen or filter. A fistula tube from the other side of the dialyzer is attached to a vein in the patient’s arm or leg.
For hemodialysis, blood is pumped from the patient’s body through a catheter into a fistula tube. Blood from the tube goes to the dialyzer machine. Dialysate (dialyzing solution) is introduced into the dialyzer. As the blood flows through the dialyzer, water, urea, uric acid, creatinine, sodium, potassium etc. are separated by dialysis screens or filters. But blood cells and protein molecules are indistinguishable. After the waste products are removed, the purified blood enters the patient’s vein through the tube.
It takes 6-8 hours to complete the process. Hemodialysis is performed at least twice a week. Fresh dialysate (dialyzing solution) is used each time hemodialysis.

Dialysis is of two types. namely-
1. Hemodialysis
2. Peritoneal dialysis

The material required for hemodialysis is called dialysate. The components of dialysis are – proper temperature, ionic balance (Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl-, HCO3-), additional nutrients (glucose), buffering capacity, proper pH value.

Dialysis is done when the amount of excretory substances in the patient’s body increases excessively and becomes very ill (uremia). Kidney health is assessed by testing creatinine clearance in urine. The amount of creatinine cleared from the blood per minute is called creatinine clearance. Creatinine clearance in a healthy person is 125 cc/min. Dialysis is done when renal creatinine clearance is 10-12 cc/min.

The process by which excretory waste is removed from the blood after kidney failure is called dialysis. Dialysis removes waste products and excess water from the blood. An increase in the amount of waste products in the blood is called azotemia. Diseases of the body due to excretory wastes are called uremia.