Category: Biology Second Paper Lecture Sheet

1. An additional 500 ml of water should be taken along with the amount of water that is passed every day.
2. The patient should eat food rich in protein and potassium.
3. Eat less than 40 grams of protein per day.
4. Do not allow toxic substances to accumulate in the body. Eat more vegetables.
5. Avoid smoking, alcohol, drinking.
6. The balance of waste and electrolytes in the body should be maintained.
7. Urine albumin, blood creatinine etc. should be checked regularly.
8. Diarrhea and vomiting should be administered with saline or IV saline.
9. Avoid high sodium drinks, pickles, chutneys, potato chips and sauces and bananas, dates, mangoes and oranges.
10. All herbal medicines that are fatally harmful to the kidneys should be avoided.
11. Not causing childbirth or abortion with clumsy responsibility.
12. Accurate testing should be done at the time of blood donation.
13. Ultrasonography, I.V.U., Renogram etc. are done to know the condition of kidney.
14. High blood pressure and diabetes should be kept under control. 44% of diabetics and 20-40% of hypertensive patients may have kidney failure.
15. Do not take painkillers.
16. Smoking and drinking should be avoided.
17. Use and consumption of nephrotoxic drugs should be avoided. That is, Ibuprofen, Iodinatedcontrast, Ecstasy etc. should be avoided.
18. Regular dialysis is done when the kidney is completely useless. To keep the kidneys healthy, treatment is done by a homodialysis machine for 3-4 hours a week.
19. A conscious diet can lead to 5-15 years of normal life with dialysis and 10-15 years with kidney transplantation.
20. A kidney dialysis patient should eat a high protein diet. It prevents infection.
21. Regular walking and exercise and maintaining a normal body weight.

1. Decreased urine output (0.5 ml/kg/h for 6 hours).
2. Blood urea and creatinine levels increase.
3. The amount of red blood cells in the blood decreases.
4. Blood ion levels increase or decrease.

1. Passing very little and frequent urine or no urine at all.
2. Accumulation of nitrogenous waste products in the blood.
3. Blood in the urine, bloody stools and dribbling of urine.
3. Water retention and swelling in the chest and body.
4. Swelling of legs, feet and eyes.
5. Pain in muscles, chest, abdomen and joints.
6. If there is flank pain between the ribs and waist.
7. Nausea, excessive vomiting, bad breath, metallic taste in mouth.
8. Fatigue, confusion, lethargy and stomach ache.
9. Frequent wheezing and shortness of breath.
10. Diabetes and high blood pressure.
11. Loss of appetite or aversion to food and metallic taste.
12. Dizziness, dizziness, muscle spasms and sudden loss of consciousness.
13. Drowsiness and oversleeping.
14. Physical weakness and decreased performance.
15. Itching and convulsions.
16. If anemia or anemia.
17. Blood stools and dehydration.
18. Depression, mental restlessness and prolonged hiccups.

1. Dehydration: Due to dehydration, if the amount of water in the body decreases, if there is a lack of water in the blood, blood in the blood, blood in the stool and salt, then the kidney will fail.
2. Operation: Due to pregnancy, accident, various diseases etc., kidney can be damaged for operation. Improper blood transfusions and miscarriages can lead to kidney failure.
3. Accidents: Electric shocks, burns, injuries, snake bites, poisonous substances etc. can cause kidney failure.
4. Aging: Due to aging, the human kidney gradually deteriorates.
5. Decreased renal blood flow: Diarrhea, diabetes, heart attack, heart failure, excessive blood loss, high blood pressure, low blood pressure, allergies, liver impairment, kidney tissue and organ damage, excessive use of antibiotics (gentamicin, streptomycin), Taking painkillers (aspirin, ibuprofen), blood pressure drugs (ACE inhibitors), taking toxic substances like carbon tetrachloride, lead, arsenic, mercury etc. can cause kidney failure.
6. Urinary tract obstruction: Swollen prostate gland, prostate gland cancer and colon cancer, cervical cancer, bladder and urethral tumors, urinary catheter, renal malignancy, blood clots, kidney and ureteral stones and birth defects cause kidney failure.
7. Kidney damage: Multiple myeloma cancer, gram negative septicemia, nephritis, necrosis, scleroderma, vasculitis, thrombotic micro-angiopathy, malaria, renal tubulitis, renal tubule thrombosis, hepatitis, hemolytic uremic syndrome etc. Kidney damage.

There are two types of kidney disease. These are-
1. Acute Renal Failure: If the kidney disease symptoms are short-lived, it is called acute renal failure. Its shelf life is 2-4 weeks.
2. Chronic Renal Failure: If the kidney disease symptoms are prolonged, it is called chronic renal failure. It has a shelf life of 3 months or more.

Decreased kidney capacity due to various diseases is called kidney failure. If the kidneys fail gradually over several years, it is called chronic kidney failure, and if they fail within 48 hours, it is called acute kidney failure. A 70-year-old person’s kidneys are only 50% functional. If the kidneys fail, K+ cannot be removed and the heart can stop working. Excess uric acid in the urine causes hyperuricosuria. Excess urea accumulates in the urinary bladder, forming needle-shaped crystals. It is called kidney stone. Kidney health is determined by the level of creatinine in the blood. The main diseases of kidney are – renal failure, hematuria (blood in urine), anuria, nephrotic syndrome, acute glomerular nephritis (AGN) etc.

There is an amino acid called creatine in the muscles of the body. 2% creatine is used to produce energy in the muscles. Creatinine metabolism results in the formation of creatinine. Creatinine reaches the kidneys through the blood and is excreted in the urine.

Uric acid is produced as a result of purine alkali metabolism in the liver. Uric acid is relatively less toxic. It reaches the kidneys through the blood. It is then excreted out of the body through urine

excess and unused amino acids of the body are stored in the liver. In the de-amination process, keto acids and NH2 are formed from excess amino acids by the action of deaminase enzymes. NH2 produces toxic ammonia. Ammonia and CO2 react through the ornithine cycle to produce urea. The urea produced stays in the plasma and then reaches the kidneys. Excreted out of the body through the creation of urine.

Nitrogenous wastes are produced in the body as a result of protein metabolism. These wastes are toxic and harmful. The main nitrogenous excretory wastes of humans are urea, uric acid, ammonia, creatinine etc. Animals that excrete urea as excreta are called ureotelic animals (land and marine animals including humans). Animals that excrete uric acid as excreta are called uricotelic animals (insects, lizards, snakes, birds). Kidneys dispose of these excretory wastes in the following ways.
1. Urea excretion: excess and unused amino acids of the body are stored in the liver. In the de-amination process, keto acids and NH2 are formed from excess amino acids by the action of deaminase enzymes. NH2 produces toxic ammonia. Ammonia and CO2 react through the ornithine cycle to produce urea. The urea produced stays in the plasma and then reaches the kidneys. Excreted out of the body through the creation of urine.
2. Uric acid excretion: Uric acid is produced as a result of purine alkali metabolism in the liver. Uric acid is relatively less toxic. It reaches the kidneys through the blood. It is then excreted out of the body through urine.
3. Creatinine excretion: There is an amino acid called creatine in the muscles of the body. 2% creatine is used to produce energy in the muscles. Creatinine metabolism results in the formation of creatinine. Creatinine reaches the kidneys through the blood and is excreted in the urine.
4. Other components: Additional drugs, various toxins and hormones are excreted in the urine.