Category: Biology Second Paper Lecture Sheet

1. First, the injured person should lie flat on his back. Neck, neck and chest clothes should be loosened.
2. If there is any foreign object inside the patient’s mouth, it should be removed with fingers. If there is water or mucus inside the mouth, it should be thrown out by tilting the head.
3. One hand should be placed under the patient’s neck and the other hand should be held above the snout. If the tongue gets stuck in the throat, it will run out and open the airway.
4. The rescuer should place one hand on the patient’s forehead and with the thumb and forefinger of that hand, pinch both nostrils of the patient in such a way that there is no gap and air cannot escape.
5. After putting a mask on the face, try to force air into the patient’s mouth so that the air reaches the lungs. Air pressure should be gentle for small or children.
6. Blow 20 times per minute and continue this process until the patient’s heart starts beating.
7. The patient’s chest should be massaged. During the massage, the chest may need to be pressed down about one and a half inches. For younger babies, massage with three fingers just below the nipple.
8. The patient’s chest should be taken care of, if the chest starts to rise and fall, air should be stopped by the mouth. The patient should be kept in this position for one to one and a half hours. After understanding the situation, take it to the doctor.

1. Artificial respiration is essential to save life in emergencies such as drowning, neck and head injuries, electrocution, carbon monoxide poisoning, fatal injuries, etc.
2. When the diaphragm and optional muscles are exhausted due to the use of analgesics and weakness of the patient.
3. Even if the heart is strong, breathing stops.
4. Breathing rate is greatly reduced due to lack of oxygen.
5. When brain cells rapidly deplete, artificial respiration is needed to keep them alive.
6. To maintain the vitality of the lungs and heart.
7. During earthquakes and floods.
8. Heart attack or cardiac arrest.
9. Artificial respiration becomes necessary if breathing is abnormal or obstructed after delivery.
10. Gaseous exchange between blood in the lungs and capillary network maintains vitality in the respiratory center and heart. In this the lungs can function normally.

Artificial respiration can be divided into two main categories. Manual method and mechanical method.
1. Manual Methods
(i) Attempting to force air into the patient’s lungs by blowing forcefully with a mouthpiece.
(ii) Air is forced into the patient’s lungs by applying a mouthpiece to the nose.
(iii) Applying air to the mouth and nose of children.

2. Instrumental Methods
(i) If it is not possible to apply a mask over the patient’s face, force air into the lungs by blowing forcefully through the mouth.
(ii) Placing a balloon-like bag over the patient’s mouth and pumping air into the patient’s lungs by rhythmically pressing the bag.
(iii) Artificial respiration can be given using automatic electrical devices or ventilators.

When the normal breathing of the body is disrupted, the technique of artificially supplying air to the body’s respiratory organs and keeping the exhalation and inhalation open by gas exchange is called artificial respiration. CPR (Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation) or cardiopulmonary resuscitation is very suitable for this. The person who gives CPR is called Rescur. Students, teachers, social workers, police, firemen, army members can become rescuers with training.

1. Family support: With the support, advice and guidance of family members, a smoker can quit smoking very easily.
2. Support of friends: Smoking starts with the support of bad friends and smoking is cured with the support of good friends.
3. Deep breathing: When a smoker takes deep breaths, his mind calms down and tension decreases. At one point, his need to smoke was reduced.
4. Regular exercise: Regular exercise reduces stress. It reduces the level of smoking.
5. Removal of smoking materials: Smoking materials like bidis, cigarettes, tobacco, lighters, ashtrays etc. should be removed.
6. Drink water: If a smoker drinks a lot of water, nicotine, tar and other harmful substances are removed from the body.
7. Cessation of funding: All sources of funding for smoking should be discontinued.
8. Supplements: Smokers chew gum and ginger orally to reduce intoxication.

(i) Cigarette smoking contains 56 harmful chemicals including nicotine. During smoking, the smoke enters the body of the non-smoker through inhalation. This is called second hand smoking. Non-smokers suffer greatly due to second hand smoking.
(ii) The lung and alveolar walls of the smoker become thin, weak and destroyed.
(iii) Cigarette smoke destroys the alveoli of the smoker’s lungs and creates spaces inside. This is called emphysema. In this disease, the respiratory area of the lungs decreases and the elasticity decreases.
(iv) Cancer-causing cells and tumor-like growths may develop in lungs of non-smokers. Toxic nicotine and tar cause lung cancer.
(v) The cilia of the walls of the alveoli of the lungs of non-smokers may be destroyed. It can cause bronchitis.
(vi) Women who smoke are more likely to be infertile and have malformed children.
(vii) Secondhand smoke can cause pneumonia and asthma in children.

1. Lung cancer: One of the causes of lung cancer is smoking. Tobacco smoke contains cancer-causing tars, nitrosamines, polynuclear hydrocarbons, etc. These substances enter the lungs during smoking and cause cancer.
2. Pleurisy: Inflammation of the lining of the lungs or pleura is called pleurisy. Nicotine in tobacco causes the lung pleura to swell and produce fluid pus. It disturbs breathing.
3. Bronchitis: It is called bronchitis when mucus accumulates in the trachea or lungs. Carbon monoxide in cigarette smoke paralyzes the cilia of the trachea and bronchi. So much cilia keep swinging.
4. Emphysema: Cigarette smoke destroys the walls of the alveoli and creates empty spaces in the lungs. This is called emphysema. In this disease, the respiratory area of the lungs decreases and the elasticity decreases.
5. Tuberculosis: Excessive smoking causes tuberculosis.
6. Heart attack: Carbon monoxide is absorbed in the hemoglobin of the smoker’s blood. Carbon monoxide helps cholesterol build up inside the arteries. It narrows the arteries and causes a heart attack.
7. Fibrosis: Thickening of the lung wall is called fibrosis. Smoking thickens the thin walls of the lungs and impairs breathing.
8. Whooping cough: Mucus comes out of the lungs due to smoking. It is called Udgari cough.
9. Chest pain and vomiting: Smokers have chest pain and vomiting.
10. Corona: Lungs of smokers are damaged. Therefore, if infected with corona, the possibility of death is high.

Smoking is deadly for health and lungs. It is not possible to avoid this damage if you do not give up the bad habit of smoking. There are two types of smoking. Active and passive smoking.
1. Active smoking: When the smoker deliberately inhales the smoke emitted from burning cigarettes, bidis, cigars etc. directly into the lungs, it is called active smoking. As a result of active smoking, cancer-causing substances including nicotine, tar, carbon monoxide directly enter the lungs.
2. Passive smoking: When the smoke that spreads in the environment from burning cigarettes, bidis, cigars etc., enters the lungs of a non-smoker unintentionally, it is called passive smoking. As a result of passive smoking, cancer-causing substances including nicotine, tar, carbon monoxide enter the lungs.

1. Lung size increases.
2. Alveoli are reduced in number, destroyed, darkened.
3. There are black spots on the lungs.
4. The walls of the lungs and alveoli are destroyed.
5. The cilia of the inner wall of the lungs are destroyed.
6. X-ray film of lungs is not completely black and hazy as an impression.
7. Any empty space or emphysema is seen in the lungs.
8. There are secondary growths such as cancer and tumors.

1. Lung shape is normal.
2. The number of alveoli is normal.
3. There are no black spots in the lungs.
4. The walls of the lungs and alveoli are normal and strong.
5. Normal cilia are present in the lining of the lungs.
6. X-ray film of lungs is black and all areas are clear and clear.
7. No spaces or emphysema are seen in the lungs.
8. There are no secondary growths like cancer and tumors.