Category: Biology Second Paper Lecture Sheet

The human thorax consists of two light pink sponge-like lungs. It causes the exchange of CO2 and O2. Smoking damages the lungs. Bidi and cigarettes contain chemicals such as nicotine, tar, arsenic, methane, ammonia, carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide. These chemicals damage the lungs. There are differences between the lungs of smokers and non-smokers. For example-
1. Black and white spots: Obvious spots can be seen between the black and white spots on X-ray images of the lungs of smokers. The black spots in the smoker’s lungs are blurred.
2. Transparency: X-ray images of the lung of a smoker do not show balanced transparency in the alveoli. An X-ray image of a smoker’s lung shows moderate opacity in the alveoli.
3. Wall: The lung and alveolar walls of non-smokers are normal and strong. A smoker’s lung and alveolar walls are thin and weak.
4. Emphysema: Cigarette smoke destroys the alveoli of the lungs and creates spaces inside. This is called emphysema. Lung x-rays in non-smokers show no signs of emphysema. X-rays of the lungs of smokers show signs of emphysema. In this disease, the respiratory area of the lungs decreases and the elasticity decreases.
5. Cancer cells: X-ray images of lungs of non-smokers do not show cancer cells. X-ray images of smokers’ lungs show cancer-causing cells. Toxic nicotine and tar cause lung cancer. 90% of lung cancers are caused by smoking.
6. Cilia: The cilia of alveolar walls are normal in X-ray images of lung in infants. X-ray images of the lungs of smokers show loss of cilia in the walls of the alveoli. It causes mucus accumulation in the trachea and inflammation. It is called bronchitis.
7. Tumor: No signs of tumor can be seen in the x-ray image of lungs of non-smokers. X-ray images of the lungs of smokers show small tumor subgrowths.
8. Heredity: Women who smoke are more likely to be infertile and have birth defects. Adhumpai doesn’t have much chance.
9. Water accumulation: X-ray films of non-smokers do not detect water accumulation in the lungs. X-ray films of smokers can detect fluid accumulation in the lungs.
10. Reflection: The reflection of the lungs and heart of non-smokers is normal and proportional. A smoker’s heart has a smaller diameter than that of the lungs.

1. Do not itch the ears.
2. Children should drink mother’s milk for 12 months.
3. While bottle feeding, the baby should be held up and fed.
4. Care should be taken that water does not enter the nose. Better not to swim.
5. Stay away from air pollution.
6. Avoid smoking. Children should be kept in non-smoking areas.
7. Cold cannot be applied to the body. There should be a high atmosphere.
8. Children should be given pre-immunococcal vaccine.

1. Applying pressure to the infected ear with a soft and warm cloth relieves the pain.
2. If the pain is severe, the child feels relief if he does light work. For example, reading books, exercising, playing sports etc.
3. Medicines, drops, antihistamines, antibiotics etc. can be used as per doctor’s advice.
4. A tympanostomy tube can be used to stop the pus discharge within 6 months.

1. The eardrum or tympanic membrane is perforated.
2. Fluid comes out of the middle ear.
3. The ears become closed and the ears hear less.
4. Children learn to speak late.
5. Hearing loss can lead to deafness.
6. Mastoid bone is enlarged, this is called Mastoiditis.
7. Meningitis occurs in the meninges of the brain and spinal cord.
8. The tympanic membrane is perforated and thick pus accumulates in the ear. It is called Otorrhea.
9. Blisters develop outside the tympanic membrane. It is called bullous myringitis.

1. Ear pain in the elderly. Pressure is felt in the ears.
2. The eardrum leaks. Ringing in the ears.
3. Eustachian tube obstruction occurs. Fluid accumulates in the middle ear.
4. Ears are closed. Hear less.
5. Water drips from the nose.
6. Cough. Breathing is difficult.
7. The body has fever. The temperature is 380C or 1040F.
8. Severe headache. The head relaxes.
9. Loss of appetite. Aversion to food.

1. Children’s noses water. The nose may become blocked.
2. Children have earaches. Ears twitch. Fluid accumulates in the middle ear. Foul-smelling fluid comes out of the ear.
3. There is a headache. Excessive crying.
4. There is fever in the body. Body temperature is 380C or 1040F.
5. do not sleep is bored

Children’s symptoms
1. Children’s noses water. The nose may become blocked.
2. Children have earaches. Ears twitch. Fluid accumulates in the middle ear. Foul-smelling fluid comes out of the ear.
3. There is a headache. Excessive crying.
4. There is fever in the body. Body temperature is 380C or 1040F.
5. do not sleep is bored

Symptoms of the elderly
1. Ear pain in the elderly. Pressure is felt in the ears.
2. The eardrum leaks. Ringing in the ears.
3. Eustachian tube obstruction occurs. Fluid accumulates in the middle ear.
4. Ears are closed. Hear less.
5. Water drips from the nose.
6. Cough. Breathing is difficult.
7. The body has fever. The temperature is 380C or 1040F.
8. Severe headache. The head relaxes.
9. Loss of appetite. Aversion to food.

1. Otitis media is caused by viruses such as Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV), Rhinovirus, Influenza Virus etc.
2. Otitis media is caused by bacteria like Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Morarella catarrhalis etc.
3. If the Eustachian tube of the middle ear is swollen.
4. Swollen lymph nodes called adenoids.
5. Children with weakened immune systems, colds and ear infections.
6. If the baby is not breastfed or is given little milk.

There are three types of otitis media in children. namely-
1. Short-term or acute otitis media: This disease resolves within 2-4 weeks.
2. Chronic otitis media: This disease takes a long time to heal. The eardrum is perforated and pus or fluid comes out. Hearing loss occurs.
3. Adhesive otitis media: In this disease the eardrum sticks to the cochlea and the patient becomes deaf.

Infectious inflammation of the middle ear is called otitis media or chronic inflammation. Otitis media occurs in the eardrum and Eustachian tube. Children are more affected by this disease.