Category: Biology Second Paper Lecture Sheet

The word Angioplasty is composed of Angio meaning blood vessel and plasty meaning reconstruction. When cholesterol or fat accumulates in the artery, or the blood flow is blocked, the blood flow is normalized by widening it by mechanical means is called angioplasty. This is called percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Cholesterol accumulates in the coronary arteries for a long time and forms plaque. The plaque thickens to form an atheroma called a coronary artery. Coronary arteries account for 70%-80%. Dr. Andres Groenzig of Switzerland first applied this method in 1977.

Coronary bypass patients have to follow certain restrictions. Not smoking, controlling high blood pressure, controlling diabetes, treating cholesterol, exercising regularly, maintaining a healthy body weight, not being under stress, taking medicines as prescribed by the doctor.

Coronary bypass can be done with the heart beating. It is called OPCAB. Coronary bypass is now done by making a short cut on the left side of the chest by stopping the heart. It is called MIDCAB.
1. Before starting coronary bypass, the patient’s heart rate, blood pressure and diabetes are controlled.
2. The patient is rendered unconscious by applying anesthesia to prevent pain.
3. The patient’s blood circulation is kept normal by heart-lung machine.
4. The patient’s chest was cut and the heart was removed.
5. An artery in the arm or leg is cut and connected to the heart. As a result, blood in the heart alternates
moving
6. In this case it takes 3-5 hours. The patient is kept under close observation in the hospital for 2-3 days. The patient recovered within two months.

The tube that supplies blood to the wall of the heart is called the coronary artery. Cholesterol or fatty deposits in the coronary arteries turn into solids. These accumulated substances are called atheromatous plaques. This process is called arteriosclerosis. Coronary bypass is done through on-pump or off-pump or beating heart surgery. Doctors perform coronary bypass considering the patient’s age, coronary artery problems, symptoms, other problems, etc.

(i) Keeping the patient under close observation in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) after open heart surgery.
(ii) 2-3 tubes should be inserted to drain the fluid accumulated in the patient’s thorax.
(iii) Regular walking and movement should be done.
(iv) Avoidance of fatty foods and smoking.
(v) Diabetes should be kept under control.
(vi) Keeping blood pressure normal or controlling high blood pressure.

(i) Patient’s heart rate, blood pressure and diabetes are controlled before starting open heart surgery.
(ii) The patient is rendered unconscious by applying anesthesia to prevent pain.
(iii) Heparin is injected to keep the patient’s blood fluid.
(iv) Breast meat and sternum are separated by cutting.
(v) The heart is removed by opening a special instrument.
(vi) The heart is attached to the tube of the Heart-Lung machine. Blood flow is controlled by the Heart-Lung machine by cutting off the blood flow in the aorta.
(vii) Heart surgery or valve replacement if the Heart-Lung machine is fully functional.

Open heart surgery is mainly done in three ways.
1. On-pump surgery: In this type of surgery, the blood supply to the heart and the heartbeat are stopped. Blood is pumped through the body by the Heart-Lung machine.
2. Off-Pump or Beating Heart Surgery: In this type of surgery, the heart rate is reduced by drugs or other means.
3. Robot-assisted surgery: In this type of surgery, a robot’s mechanical arm is used. The doctor performs the surgery precisely by watching the three-dimensional view on the computer.

Opening the heart by cutting open the patient’s chest is called open heart surgery. Open heart surgery is performed for congenital heart defects, transplants, valve repair, pacemaker placement, or blockages in arteries.

1. Regular pulse rate monitoring and medication should be taken.
2. Running, jumping and exercise should not be done for at least eight weeks after implantation of an artificial pacemaker.
3. Do not put pressure on the chest where the pacemaker is attached.
4. Do not keep a cellular phone near the pacemaker.
5. Receiving a mobile phone from the side opposite to the side of the chest where the pacemaker is placed.
6. Always carry a known pacemaker card for safety.
7. Be careful when using microwave ovens and electric generators.
8. Be careful while examining the body with X-ray and MRI machines.

Pacemakers are generally of three types. namely-
1. Single chamber pacemaker: It paces any one chamber of the heart.
2. Two chamber pacemaker: It paces the two chambers of the heart. atrium and ventricle.
3. A three-chamber or rate-responsive pacemaker responds to the patient’s physical activity and automatically adjusts the heart rate. These three wires carry electrical impulses to the right atrium, right ventricle, and left ventricle.