Category: Biology Second Paper Lecture Sheet

A pacemaker is an airtight closed pacing device. A small device placed under the skin of the chest or abdomen is called an artificial or mechanical pacemaker to normalize the abnormal heartbeat. An artificial pacemaker is a metal box made of titanium. Inside the metal box are lithium batteries, generators and sensors wired to the top. The sensors are called electrodes. The generator is connected to the heart by wires or leads. The pacemaker has two leads, one to the right atrium and the other to the right ventricle. Pacemaker placement takes 30-60 minutes. Lithium batteries can last up to 15 years.
Artificial pacemakers have sense enhancers. Its battery supplies power to the generator. Generators produce electrical impulses. Electrical stimulation is delivered through leads or wires to the right atrium and right ventricle of the heart. The heartbeat is normal. As a result dangerous heartbeat long QT syndrome (LQTS) is controlled. Today, more advanced devices such as ICDs are used to treat long-term heart problems.

Between the superior vena cava and the right atrium of the heart, the automatically conducting organ or sino-atrium node (SAN) is called the pacemaker. SAN or SA Node is the natural pacemaker. Aging, congenital heart disease, heart attack, open heart surgery, etc. can cause the natural pacemaker to become damaged or unusable. An artificial or mechanical pacemaker is used when the natural pacemaker is damaged. Irregular heartbeat is called arrhythmia. American scientists William Chardack and Wilson Greatbatch (1969) invented the implantable pacemaker.

1. X-ray: Ki X-ray of the chest shows the location of the heart.
2. ECG (Electrocardiogram): ECG is used to diagnose primary heart disease.
3. ETT (Exercise Tolerance Test): The condition or performance of the heart is known by ETT.
4. Blood BNP (Brain Natriuretic Peptide): Heart failure is known by BNP.
5. MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging): The condition of the heart muscle is known by MRI.
6. Coronary Angiogram: A coronary angiogram is used to diagnose the blockage of blood vessels.

A healthy heart is transplanted when the heart of a person with heart failure fails. If a healthy heart is not available, a mechanical heart is implanted. In this the patient’s heart gets rest and blood circulation becomes normal. Mechanical heart implants are used in developed countries

1. To be in good health
2. Eat a balanced and heart-friendly diet
3. Eat vegetables, fruits and salads.
4. Prevent obesity
5. Avoiding smoking and alcohol
6. Do not eat separate salt in food
7. Keeping body weight under control
8. Work regularly
9. Get plenty of rest
10. Removing excess water and salt from the body
10. Coronary bypass surgery or angioplasty
11. A heart transplant can be done
12. Echocardiography, chest x-ray, electrophysiology, angiography, blood tests
13. Cardiac valve repair, ring placement, pacemaker placement.

1. Gaining body weight
2. Difficulty breathing and wheezing
3. Shortness of breath and rapid heartbeat
4. An enlarged heart
5. Sleep disturbance
6. Dry phlegm that does not come out
7. Nausea and loss of appetite
8. Amnesia and falling asleep while getting up and sitting
9. Swelling of the hands and feet (edema)
10. Feet, ankles, abdomen and liver are swollen.
11. Accumulation of water in feet and lungs
12. The skin on the bottom of the feet is dry and red
13. Increased frequency of urination at night
14. Stomach feels full and body weight is low
15. Fatigue in any work.

1. If blood circulation in the body decreases
2. If the heart muscle is damaged
3. If heart attack, high blood pressure, amyloidosis
4. Alcohol and drug abuse
5. Smoking and drinking
6. Over secretion of thyroid hormone
7. Complications of the heart valve
8. If there is cardiac arrhythmia
9. Hereditary heart disease and arrhythmias
10. Excessive anemia
11. Cardiomyopathy and ischemic disease
12. Excessive stress, aging, genetic reasons

Loss of contractility of the atrium and ventricles of the heart is called heart failure.

(i) Being in good health.
(ii) Eating a balanced and heart-friendly diet.
(iii) Eating vegetables, fruits and salads.
(iv) Prevention of obesity.
(v) Avoidance of smoking and alcohol consumption. Alcohol should be prohibited in the lifestyle.
(vi) Regular exercise.
(vii) Avoidance of cholesterol or high fat.
(viii) Low consumption of oil, fat and sweets.
(ix) Do not eat loose salt.
(x) Avoidance of anxiety and stress.
(xi) Ensuring adequate ventilation of the patient.
(xii) Abstaining from gills, liver, brain and red meat of cow and buffalo.
(xiii) Keeping diabetes and high blood pressure under control.
(xiv) Sublingual use of glycerine trinitride.
(xv) Administration of aspirin tablets to the patient.
(xvi) Patient should undergo Electrocardiogram (ECG), Echocardiogram, Coronary Angiogram, Chest Radiogram, MRI etc.

(i) Severe chest pain, unbearable pressure, twisting, tearing etc.
(ii) Jaw, throat, neck, hands and back feel pain.
(iii) Cold sweat.
(iv) Cholesterol accumulates in the arterial cavity to form hard plaques and clots of blood cells in the plaque.
(v) Irregular heartbeat occurs.
(vi) Frequent shortness of breath and suffocation.
(vii) Drowsiness of the head.
(viii) Blood pressure decreases.
(ix) The patient gradually becomes dull.
(x) Pain in left arm in men and both arms in women.
(xi) Nausea and loss of appetite.
(xii) Sleep is disturbed and feels powerless.
(xiii) Paralysis occurs.
(xiv) May cause death of the patient.