Category: Biology Second Paper Lecture Sheet

Small, spherical and multinucleated cell structure of fungi is called Prosenchyma.
6. Rhizomorph: When the mycelium of the fungus is joined together to form a thick and strong rope-like organ, it is called rhizomorph. The rhizomorph germinates in a favorable environment to form new mycelium. Like Agaricus, Alternaria etc.

The mycelium of multicellular fungi produces food-absorbing rhizoids or haustoria. It is called rhizomycelium. It absorbs food from the environment. Eg – Rhizopodium, Rhizopus, Agaricus etc.

The mycelium of multicellular fungi is linear and branched. They are composed of slender and linear hyphae or filaments. Hyphae join together to form mycelium. Mycelium may be septate or septate or non-septate. Mycelium which has septa or walls is called septate. Penicillium and Agaricus are acinocytic. The mycelium that does not have septa or walls is called sinocytic mycelium. Cells of sinusocytic mycelium contain multiple nuclei. This is called sinusitis. Mucor and Saprolegnia are acinocytic.

Any fungus that produces buds. The buds do not separate and form spiral structures. This is called pseudomycelium. For example – Saccharomyces.

Fungi that are made up of a single cell are called unicellular fungi. They are known as yeast. They are holocarpic fungi. Their whole body turns into genitals. Such as Saccharomyces, Synchytrium, Physarum.

1. Unicellular: Fungi that are made up of a single cell are called unicellular fungi. They are known as yeast. They are holocarpic fungi. Their whole body turns into genitals. Such as Saccharomyces, Synchytrium, Physarum.
2. Pseudomycelium: Any fungus that produces buds. The buds do not separate and form spiral structures. This is called pseudomycelium. For example – Saccharomyces.
3. Filamentus: The mycelium of multicellular fungi is linear and branched. They are composed of slender and linear hyphae or filaments. Hyphae join together to form mycelium. Mycelium may be septate or septate or non-septate. Mycelium which has septa or walls is called septate. Penicillium and Agaricus are acinocytic. The mycelium that does not have septa or walls is called sinocytic mycelium. Cells of sinusocytic mycelium contain multiple nuclei. This is called sinusitis. Mucor and Saprolegnia are acinocytic.
4. Rhizoid: The mycelium of multicellular fungi produces food-absorbing rhizoids or haustoria. It is called rhizomycelium. It absorbs food from the environment. Eg – Rhizopodium, Rhizopus, Agaricus etc.
5. Prosenchyma: Small, spherical and multinucleated cell structure of fungi is called Prosenchyma.
6. Rhizomorph: When the mycelium of the fungus is joined together to form a thick and strong rope-like organ, it is called rhizomorph. The rhizomorph germinates in a favorable environment to form new mycelium. Like Agaricus, Alternaria etc.
7. Sclerotium: When the hyphae of the fungus intertwine and form a round or cylindrical hard and complex structure, it is called sclerotium. eg Agaricus.
8. Mycorrhiza: If the mycelium forms a net-like structure, it is called mycorrhizal fungi. Such fungal mycorrhizae are called mycorrhizae. Like Amanita, Saprolegnia etc.

1. The nuclear membrane of fungi does not disappear during mitosis cell division.
2. During mitosis cell division, its spindle fibers form inside the nucleus.
3. Its cells do not have centrioles.
4. Its chromosomes contain small amounts of histone proteins.
5. Cell walls are made of chitin.

Armillaria ostoyae is called honey fungus. It is the oldest living thing on Earth. It is about 2400 years old and spread over about 2000 acres of land. Armillaria ostoyae is the world’s largest species of land occupied. It grows in the forests of Oregon, USA. Its occupied area is more than 1665 football fields. It destroys many trees during its spread. Armillaria mellea species emit light in the dark. Some species contain toxins called amatoxins. Some species are poisonous and can cause immediate death to humans or animals.

Fungi of Mycophycophyta division are called ovum fungi. Egg fungi are called water monds. They produce oogonia during sexual reproduction. They cause diseases in plants and animals. Produce zoospores and aplanospores. The number of species in this category is 500.
Some fungi- Saprolegnia, albugo, Apodachlya, Lagenidium etc.

Fungi of the Deuteromycota division are called incomplete fungi. They produce zoospores and aplanospores. The sex reproduction of the fungi of this category is not completely known. Penicillin is produced from some species. Some species cause ringworm. The number of species in this category is 25,000.
Some fungi- Penicillium, Dermea, Lecanicillium, Pochonia etc.