Category: Biology Second Paper Lecture Sheet

In a favorable environment, the fungus grows in size by consuming food. Outgrowths arise from the sides of the body. Buds are then produced from the secondary growth. The bud separates from the mother body and gives birth to a new fungus. For example – Saccharomyces.

Unicellular fungus takes food and grows in size and divides by fission process to produce two new fungi. E.g. Saccharomyces
Segmentation of fungi
The mycelium of multicellular fungi is divided into two or more segments by injury or physical causes. A new fungus develops from each segment. Such as Saprolegnia, Aspergillus, Rhizopus, Penicillium etc.

1. By fissin : Unicellular fungus takes food and grows in size and divides by fission process to produce two new fungi. E.g. Saccharomyces
2. Segmentation: The mycelium of multicellular fungi is divided into two or more segments by injury or physical causes. A new fungus develops from each segment. Such as Saprolegnia, Aspergillus, Rhizopus, Penicillium etc.
3. Budding: In a favorable environment, the fungus grows in size by consuming food. Outgrowths arise from the sides of the body. Buds are then produced from the secondary growth. The bud separates from the mother body and gives birth to a new fungus. For example – Saccharomyces.
4. Sclerotium: The hyphae of any fungus intertwine to form a round or cylindrical hard and complex structure. It is called seroacem. Sucrose remains dormant in unfavorable conditions and germinates in favorable conditions. Eg Agaricus, Claviceps, Polyporus etc.
5. Spon: The mycelium of the fungus is mixed with the shelter to form a block. Later it is cultivated and propagated through culture. This is called spawn. eg Agaricus
6. Gima : Nucleus at the apex of fungal hyphae gives rise to unicellular gima with considerable amount of cytoplasm. Gemma germinates in favorable environment to form new mycelium. Eg- Saprolegnia.
7. Rhizomorph: The mycelium of the fungus is interconnected to form thick and tough rope-like organs. It is called rhizomorph. The rhizomorph germinates in a favorable environment to form new mycelium. Like Agaricus, Alternaria etc.

1. Holocarpic fungi: The fungi whose entire body transforms into genitalia are called holocarpic fungi. Such as Saccharomyces, Synchytrium, Physarum etc.
2. Heterocarpic fungi: Those fungi whose body parts develop into special genitalia are called eucarpic fungi. Such as Albugo, Mucor, Agaricus, Penicillium etc.

The top or head of fungal hyphae is called dome. The nucleus, mitochondria and other organelles accumulate in the dome region. Then the cell membrane and wall are formed. As a result, new cells are formed.

The main food of fungi is sugars, amino acids, fatty acids, mineral salts and vitamins. They take food by absorption process. Parasitic fungi absorb food from host cells by means of haustoria. Enzymes secreted from hyphae digest food. Digested food is distributed to different parts of the cell.

Dimorphism is the ability to change shape due to environment. Dimorphism Fungi can exist in both unicellular and filamentous states. Dimorphism is seen in the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum. This fungus is endemic to the soil and resides in the human lung as a cyst. It causes histoplasmosis disease. Such as Blastomyces dermatitides, Sporotrichum schenckii, Candida albicans, Mucor rouxii, Histoplama capsulatum etc.

1. Cell wall: The cell wall of the fungus is strong and strong. It is composed of chitin, cellulose and glucan. Besides, it contains callose, lignin and other organic substances. It preserves the protoplast.
2. Plasma membrane: The thin membrane inside the cell wall is called plasma membrane. It is composed of lipids and proteins. Between the cell wall and the plasma membrane there are small granular vesicles or tubular structures. It is called Lomasom. Argosterol is one of the components of fungal cell membrane.
3. Cytoplasm: All the living parts of the cell inside the cell wall are called cytoplasm. It is composed of a colorless, granular and jelly-like substance. It contains lysosomes, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, mucus etc. It contains glycogen and fat as stored food. However, photosynthetic pigments are absent.
4. Nucleus: Fungi are unicellular organisms. Its cells have a well-formed nucleus. Nucleus of hyphae is small and nucleus of germ cell is large. Fungal cells are monokaryotic if they have one nucleus, dikaryotic if they have two nuclei and heterokaryotic if they have many nuclei.
5. Cell vacuole: Fungi have a large vacuole or numerous tiny vacuoles. Normally old cells contain cells. Cell cavity contains amino acids, hydrolase etc.
6. Plectenchyma: The hyphae of some fungi join together to form the fungal tissue. This is called the platenchyma.

If the mycelium forms a net-like structure, it is called mycorrhizal fungi. Such fungal mycorrhizae are called mycorrhizae. Like Amanita, Saprolegnia etc.

When the hyphae of the fungus intertwine and form a round or cylindrical hard and complex structure, it is called sclerotium. eg Agaricus.